风、沙 calm 无风 breeze 微风 moderate breeze 和风 gale 强风，风暴 squall 狂风（伴有雨、雪） a chilling wind 寒风 hurricane 飓风 cyclone 旋风 typhoon 台风 whirlwind 龙卷风 a gust of wind 阵风 a constant wind 风向稳定的风 a fair wind 顺风 a contrary wind 逆风 sandstorm 沙暴 duststorm 尘暴雨 drizzle 毛毛雨 thundershower 雷阵雨 shower 阵雨 rainstorm 暴风雨 light rainshower 小阵雨 heavy shower 强阵雨 isolated shower 局部阵雨 scattered shower 零星阵雨 cloud-burst 大暴雨 pouring rain 倾盆大雨 freezing rain 冻雨 thunder 雷 lightning 闪电 raindrop 雨点，雨滴 rainfall 降雨量雪 snow shower 阵雪 heavy snow 大雪 light snow, flurry 小雪 sleet 雨夹雪 blizzard 大风雪 snowstorm 暴风雪 snowflake 雪花 snowdrift 雪堆 snowfall 降雪量雾、霜 fog 雾 mist 薄雾 freezing fog 冻雾 hail 冰雹 dew 露 frost 霜气候 mountain climate 高山气候 desert climate 沙漠气候 monsoon climate 季风气候 plateau climate 高原气候 continental climate 大陆气候 littoral climate 海滨气候 maritime climate 海洋气候 forest climate 森林气候 一些天气预报的标准术语(中英对翻译) 阴天有阵雨和轻雾 overcast with showers and mist 多云有轻雾 cloudy with mist 阵雨 showers 阴天有短时阵雨 overcast with showers 多云 cloudy 中阵雨 moderate rain |
蒲 福 氏 风 级 表
风力等级 Wind Speed Team Effects Observed at Sea
(Knot) M/S
0 无级风 Less than 1 0-0.2 Calm Sea like a mirror.
1 软风 1-3 0.3-1.5 Light Air Ripples with the appearance of scales are formed, but without foam crests
2 轻风 4-6 1.6-3.3 Light breeze Small wavelets, still short but more pronounced, crests have a glassy appearance and do not break.
3 微风 7-10 3.4-5.4 Gentle Breeze Large wavelets crests begin to break, foam of glassy appearance; perhaps scattered white horses.
4 和风 11-16 5.5-7.9 Moderate Breeze Small waves, becoming longer; fairly frequent white horses.
5 清劲风 17-21 8.0-10.7 Fresh Breeze Moderate waves, taking a more pronounced long form; many white horses are formed. (Chance of some spray)
6 强风 22-27 10.8-13.8 Strong Breeze Large waves, begin to form; the whit
(Knot) M/S
0 无级风 Less than 1 0-0.2 Calm Sea like a mirror.
1 软风 1-3 0.3-1.5 Light Air Ripples with the appearance of scales are formed, but without foam crests
2 轻风 4-6 1.6-3.3 Light breeze Small wavelets, still short but more pronounced, crests have a glassy appearance and do not break.
3 微风 7-10 3.4-5.4 Gentle Breeze Large wavelets crests begin to break, foam of glassy appearance; perhaps scattered white horses.
4 和风 11-16 5.5-7.9 Moderate Breeze Small waves, becoming longer; fairly frequent white horses.
5 清劲风 17-21 8.0-10.7 Fresh Breeze Moderate waves, taking a more pronounced long form; many white horses are formed. (Chance of some spray)
6 强风 22-27 10.8-13.8 Strong Breeze Large waves, begin to form; the whit
e foam crests are more extensive everywhere (Probably some spray)
7 疾风 28-33 13.9-17.1 Near Gale Sea heaps up and white foam from breaking waves begins to be blown in streaks along the direction of the wind.
8 大风 34-40 17.2-20.7 Gale Moderately high waves of greater length; edges of crests begin to break into spindrift. The foam is blown in well – marked streaks along the direction of the wind
9 烈风 41-47 20.8-24.4 Strong Gale High waves. Dense streaks of foam along the direction of the wind. Crests of waves begin to topple, tumble and roll over. Spray may affect visibility
10 狂风 48-55 24.5-28.4 Storm Very high waves with long overhanging crests. The resulting foam in great patches is blown in dense white streaks along the
11 暴风 56-63 28.5-32.5 Violent Storm Exceptionally high wave.(Small and medium-sized ships might be for a time lost to view behind the waves.) The sea is completely covered with long white patches of foam lying along the direction of the wind. Everywhere the edges of the waves crests are blown into froth. Visibility affected.
7 疾风 28-33 13.9-17.1 Near Gale Sea heaps up and white foam from breaking waves begins to be blown in streaks along the direction of the wind.
8 大风 34-40 17.2-20.7 Gale Moderately high waves of greater length; edges of crests begin to break into spindrift. The foam is blown in well – marked streaks along the direction of the wind
9 烈风 41-47 20.8-24.4 Strong Gale High waves. Dense streaks of foam along the direction of the wind. Crests of waves begin to topple, tumble and roll over. Spray may affect visibility
10 狂风 48-55 24.5-28.4 Storm Very high waves with long overhanging crests. The resulting foam in great patches is blown in dense white streaks along the
11 暴风 56-63 28.5-32.5 Violent Storm Exceptionally high wave.(Small and medium-sized ships might be for a time lost to view behind the waves.) The sea is completely covered with long white patches of foam lying along the direction of the wind. Everywhere the edges of the waves crests are blown into froth. Visibility affected.
12 飓风 64 and over 32.6 and over Hurricane The air is filled with foam and spray. Sea completely white with driving spray; visibility very seriously affected.
海况等级划分表 | |||
海况等级 | 海面状况名称 | 浪高范围（米） | 海面征状 |
0级 | 无浪（CALM-GLASSY） | 0 | 海面平静。水面平整如镜，或仅有涌浪存在。船静止不动。 |
1级 | 微浪（CALM-RIPPLED） | 0～0.1 | 波纹、或涌浪和小波纹同时存在，微小波浪呈鱼鳞状，没有浪花。寻常渔船略觉摇动，海风尚不足以把帆船推行。 |
2级 | 小浪（SMOOTH-WAVELET） | 0.1～0.5 | 波浪很小，波长尚短，但波形显著。浪峰不破裂，因而不是显白的，而是仅呈玻璃的。渔船有晃动，张帆可随风移行每小时2～3海里 |
3级 | 轻浪（SLIGHT） | 0.5～1.25 | 波浪不大，但很触目，波长变长，波峰开始破裂。浪沫光亮，有时可有散见的白浪花，其中有些地方形成连片的白浪花——白浪。渔船略觉簸动，渔船张帆时随风移行每小时3～5海里，满帆时，可使船身倾于一侧。 |
4级 | 中浪（MODERATE） | 1.25～2.5 | 波浪具有很明显的形状，许多波峰破裂，到处形成白浪，成出现，偶有飞沫。同时较明显的长波状开始出现。渔船明显簸动，需缩帆一部分（即收去帆之一部）。 |
5级 | 大浪（ROUGH） | 2.5～4.0 | 高大波峰开始形成，到处都有更大的白沫峰，有时有些飞沫。浪花的峰顶占去了波峰上很大的面积，风开始削去波峰上的浪花，碎浪成白沫沿风向呈条状。渔船起伏加剧，要加倍缩帆至大部分，捕鱼需注意风险。 |
6级 | 巨浪（VERY ROUGH） | 4.0～6.0 | 海浪波长较长，高大波峰随处可见。波峰上被风削去的浪花开始沿波浪斜面伸长成带状，有时波峰出现风暴波的长波形状。波峰边缘开始破碎成飞沫片；白沫沿风向呈明显带状。渔船停息港中不再出航，在海者下锚。 |
7级 | 狂浪（HIGH） | 6.0～9.0 | 海面开始颠簸，波峰出现翻滚。风削去的浪花带布满了波浪的斜面，并且有的地方达到波谷，白沫能成片出现，沿风向白沫呈浓密的条带状。飞沫可使能见度受到影响。汽船航行困难。所有近港渔船都要靠港，停留不出。 |
8级 | 狂涛（VERY HIGH） | 9.0～14.0 | 海面颠簸加大，有震动感，波峰长而翻卷。稠密的浪花布满了波浪斜面。海面几乎完全被沿风向吹出的白沫片所掩盖，因而变成白，只在波底有些地方才没有浪花。海面能见度显著降低。汽船遇之相当危险。 |
9级 | 怒涛（PHENOMENAL） | >14.0 | 海面颠簸加大，有震动感，波峰长而翻卷。稠密的浪花布满了波浪斜面。海面几乎完全被沿风向吹出的白沫片所掩盖，因而变成白，只在波底有些地方才没有浪花。海面能见度显著降低。汽船遇之相当危险。 |
Beaufort No. 蒲福风力等级 | Wind Speed (Knots) 风速(节) | Term 名 称 | Effects Observed at Sea 海面征象 |
0 | 少于1 | Calm 无风 | Sea like a mirror. 海平如镜。 |
1 | 1～3 | Light air 软风 | Ripples with the appearance of scales are formed,but without foam crests. 明显鳞状波纹;波峰无白沫。 |
2 | 4～6 | Light breeze 轻风 | Small wavelets,still short but more pronounced,crests have a glassy appearance and do not break. 较小小波,波长虽短但波纹已更明显;波峰透明但未开花。 |
3 | 7～10 | Gentle breeze 微风 | Large wavelets crests begin to break;foam of glassy appearance; perhaps scattered white horses. 较大小波,波峰开始开花;水沫呈透明状;间或有稀疏的白 浪。 |
4 | 台风等级划分几个等级11～16 | Moderate breeze 和风 | Small waves,becoming longer;fairly frequent while horses. 小浪;波长逐渐变长;白浪稍多。 |
5 | 17～21 | Fresh breeze 清风 | Mederate waves,taking a more pronounced long form;many while horses are formed.(Chance of some spray.) 中浪;波长明显地变长;白浪很多(偶尔有水雾)。 |
6 | 22～27 | Strong breeze 强风 | Large waves,begin to form;the white foam crests are more exten- sive everywhere.(Probably some spray.) 大浪;到处都是白沫浪头(往往有水雾)。 |
7 | 28～33 | Near gale 疾风 | Sea heaps up and white foam from breaking waves begins to be blown in streaks along the direction of the wind. 浪头高耸;开花浪的白沫开始随风成串飞溅。 |
8 | 34～40 | Gale 大风 | Moderalely high waves of greater length;edges of crests begin to break into spindrift.The foam is blown in well-marked streaks along the direction of the wind. 中高浪,波托更长;浪头边缘开始开花翻滚;白沫明显地随 风成串飞溅。 |
9 | 41～47 | Strong gale 烈风 | High waves.Dense streaks of foam along the direction of the wind. Crests of waves begin to topple,tumble and roll over.Spray may affect visibility. 高浪;白沫密集地随风成串飞溅;浪头开始上下翻滚。水 雾可能影响能见度。 |
10 | 48～55 | Storm 狂风 | Very high waves with long overhanging crests.The resulting foam in great patches is blown in dense white streaks along the direction of the wind.On the whole the surface of the sea takes a white ap- pearance.Tumbling of the sea becomes heavy and shock like.Visi- bility affected. 非常高的浪;大片大片的白沫密集地随风成串飞溅。整个 海面呈白;海面愈来愈汹涌澎湃。能见度受影响。 |
11 | 56～63 | Violent storm 暴风 | Exceptionally high wave.(Small and medium-sized ships might be for a time lost to view behind the waves.)The sea is completely covered with long white patches of foam lying along the direction of the wind.Everywhere the edges of the waves crests are blown into froth.Visibility affected. 特高浪。 (中小型船有时可能隐没在波浪后看不见);海面 沿风方向白沫弥漫;所有浪头都被风吹成泡沫。能见度受 影响。 |
12 | 64 and over | Hurricane 飓风 | The air is filled with foam and spray.Sea completely white with driving spray;visibility very seriously affected. 空中充满着白沫和水雾;海而白茫茫一片;能见度严重地 受影响。 |
蒸汽雾（steam fog, sea smoke）又称蒸发雾。当冷空气流经比其温度更高的暖水面且温差较大时，暖水汽的饱和蒸汽压大于冷空气的饱和蒸汽压，水汽源源不断地从暖水面蒸发，与冷空气混合，在冷却的过程中迅速凝结而成为蒸汽雾。蒸汽雾常发生在深秋季节寒冷早晨的湖面、河面或极地。
辐射雾，主要是因为夜间地面辐射冷却，使空气中的水汽达到饱和所致，因此雾多发生在夜最长、气温最低的冬季或比较寒冷的冬半年。
信风：（又称贸易风）指的是在地空从副热带高压带吹向赤道低气压带的风。
季风：由于大陆和海洋在一年之中增热和冷却程度不同，在大陆和海洋之间大范围的、风向随季节有规律改变的风，称为季风。形成季风最根本的原因，是由于地球表面性质不同，热力反映有所差异引起的。由海陆分布、大气环流、大地形等因素造成的，以一年为周期的大范围的冬夏季节盛行风向相反的现象。
信风（trade wind）在赤道两边的低层大气中，北半球吹东北风，南半球吹东南风，这种风
的方向很少改变，它们年年如此，稳定出现，很讲信用，这是trade wind在中文中被翻译成 “信风”的原因。
平流雾（advection fog）是暖湿空气移到较冷的陆地或水面时，因下部冷却而形成的雾。通常发生在冬季，持续时间一般较长，范围大，雾较浓，厚度较大，有时可达几百米。
海洋里那些比较大的海流，多是由强劲而稳定的风吹刮起来的。这种由风直接产生的海流叫作“风海流”，也有人叫作“漂流”.由于海水密度分布不均匀而产生的海水流动，称为“密度流”.也叫“梯度流”或“地转流”.海洋中最著名的海流是黑潮和湾流。
由于海水的连续性和不可压缩性，一个地方的海水流走了，相临海区的海水也就流来补充，这样就产生了补偿流。补偿流既有水平方向的，也有垂直方向的。在海洋的大陆架范围或浅海处，由于海岸和海底摩擦显著，加上海流特别强等因素，便形成颇为复杂的大陆架环流、浅内海环流、海峡海流等浅海海流。
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