【51Talk-英⽂介绍中国⾮遗⽂化】中国⾮物质⽂化遗产：粤剧
中国⾮物质⽂化遗产：粤剧
Cantonese opera is one of the major Chinese opera categories. It is a traditional Chinese art form that originated in southern China’s Cantonese culture, and involves music, singing, martial arts, acrobatics and acting. T oday it is not only very popular in Guangdong, Guangxi, Hong Kong and Macao, but also performed in Southeast Asia, Oceania and American countries where Cantonese people live. Cantonese opera was included in the first list of 518 state-level intangible cultural heritage elements, which was announced on May 20th, 2006.
粤剧是中国戏曲的主要种类之⼀。它是中国传统艺术形式，起源于中国南⽅的⼴东⽂化，涉及⾳乐、歌唱、武术、杂技和表演。今天，它不仅在⼴东、⼴西、⾹港和澳门很受欢迎，⽽且在东南亚、⼤洋洲和⼴东⼈居住的美国国家也很受欢迎。2006年5⽉20⽇公布粤剧被列⼊⾸批518项国家级⾮物质⽂化遗产。
Cantonese opera was originally called Narm hei (南戏), or Nanxi (Southern opera) in the Jiajing period of the Ming Dynasty, and was popular in Guangdong and Guangxi at that time. The first performance language was Central Plains music (中原⾳韵), also known as Theatre Mandarin. Later, at the end of the Qing Dynasty, Theatre Mandarin was changed to Cantonese so that it could be easy for people to under
stand. During the Qing Dynasty, Nanxi employed “Banghuang” as the basic tone and had also preserved tones of Kunqu opera, Ge opera and Guang opera. By absorbing the folk melodies and tunes of Guangdong, Nanxi was developed into the earliest kind of Cantonese opera.
在明朝嘉靖时期，粤剧最初被称为南平，或南戏，当时流⾏于⼴东和⼴西。第⼀种表演语⾔是中原⾳乐(中原⾳韵)，也称为戏剧普通话。后来，在清朝末期，戏剧普通话被改为粤语，这样⼈们就可以容易地理解。清代，楠溪江以“梆黄”为基调，保留了昆曲、葛剧和⼴剧的⾳调。南戏吸收了⼴东的民间旋律和曲调，发展成为最早的粤剧。
During the Xinhai Revolution, many patriotic Cantonese performers promoted the idea of fighting with the Qing Dynasty, imperialism and feudalism through their performances in Cantonese opera. They often practiced and organized performances, and meanwhile absorbed the cream of dramas and movies. Soon Cantonese opera had been enriched by the cream of dramas and movies.
⾟亥⾰命时期，许多爱国粤剧演员通过粤剧表演，宣扬与清、帝国主义、封建主义⽃争的思想。他们经常练习和组织表演，同时吸收戏剧和电影的精华。很快粤剧就被戏剧和电影的精华所丰富。
Since 1949, when the People’s Republic of China was founded, the Chinese government has placed great importance on the arts. Consequently, Cantonese opera has obtained further development and many excellent operas have been performed. In addition, many new people have been cultivated to engage in this profession. In 1958, the Guangdong Opera House was founded.
中国英文⾃1949年中华⼈民共和国成⽴以来，中国政府⼀直⾮常重视艺术。因此，粤剧得到了进⼀步的发展，上演了许多优秀的剧⽬。此外，许多新⼈被培养来从事这⼀职业。1958年，⼴东歌剧院成⽴。
At early stage, performers liked to wear a great deal of makeup, but they used very simple cosmetics. The main five colors—red, black, white, blue and yellow—symbolized loyalty, honesty, cattiness, arrogance and capability, respectively. Different roles might wear different types of make-up in order to
match the role. However, in the 1920s performers preferred to wear light makeup, and th e most common makeup was “red-white face.”
早期，表演者喜欢化浓妆，但他们使⽤⾮常简单的化妆品。主要的五种颜⾊——红⾊、⿊⾊、⽩⾊、蓝⾊和黄⾊——分别象征忠诚、诚实、刻薄、傲慢和能⼒。不同的⾓⾊可能会使⽤不同类型的化妆品来搭配⾓⾊。然⽽，在20世纪20年代，表演者更喜欢淡妆，最常见的化妆是“红⽩脸”。
There is a variety of headwear used in Cantonese opera, such as headgear, chignon and accessories.
Different types of headwear have their own characteristics, so they must each be used and protected in a different way. In general, females have more headwear than males. But male performers do have some headwear, such as T aizi (Chinese prince) helmets. What Jia Baoyu in A Dream of Red Mansions wears is a Taizi helmet, which is often worn by princes or young generals.
粤剧中使⽤的头饰种类繁多，如头饰、发髻和配饰。不同类型的头饰有各⾃的特点，所以它们必须以不同的⽅式使⽤和保护。⼀般来说，⼥性⽐男性有更多的头饰。但是男演员确实有⼀些头饰，⽐如太⼦盔。《红楼梦》中贾宝⽟戴的是太⼦盔，王⼦或年轻将军经常戴这种头盔。
In the beginning, Cantonese opera costumes reflected the clothing style of the Ming Dynasty. Later, as Peking opera became increasingly popular, it was strongly influenced by Peking opera costumes. Costumes were made of cloth and later some accessories were added. Today embroidered costumes are the order of the day.
起初，粤剧服装反映了明代的服装风格。后来，随着京剧越来越受欢迎，它受到京剧服装的强烈影响。服装由布料制成，后来增加了⼀些附件。今天刺绣服装是当今的主流。
Different roles require different costumes. For example, an actor playing the Xiaosheng, a very gentle role, wears a costume with long sleeves, while the Xiaowu, an acting role, demands a costume with sh
ort sleeves so as to act easily. Generally, Cantonese opera performers have to master four skills: singing, acting/movement, delivery of speeches, and
martial/gymnastic skills.
不同的⾓⾊需要不同的服装。例如，⼀个扮演萧声的演员，⼀个⾮常温柔的⾓⾊，穿着⼀套长袖服装，⽽扮演⼩武的⾓⾊，需要⼀套短袖服装，以便于表演。⼀般来说，粤剧演员必须掌握四种技巧：歌唱、表演/动作、演讲和武术/体操技巧。
Different roles conform to different requirements and are each sung in their
own way. Males often sing falsetto to act as females. Until the 20th century, all female roles were performed by males. Acting refers to body language, including gestures and particular styles of walking on the stage. Performers deliver speeches to inform the audience of the opera’s plot and the characters’ emotions.
不同的⾓⾊符合不同的要求，每个⾓⾊都以⾃⼰的⽅式演唱。男性经常⽤假声来扮演⼥性。直到20世纪，所有⼥性⾓⾊都由男性扮演。表演是指肢体语⾔，包括⼿势和舞台上特定的⾏⾛⽅式。表演者发表演讲，告诉观众歌剧的情节和⼈物的情感。
To date, more than 40 musical instruments have been used in Cantonese opera. They can be divided into four categories: wind instruments, plucked instruments, string instruments and percussion instruments.
到⽬前为⽌，粤剧已经使⽤了40多种乐器。它们可以分为四类：管乐器、弹拨乐器、弦乐器和打击乐器。
Cantonese opera roles Cantonese opera has ten roles: Mo, Sheng, Dan, Jing, Chou, Wai, Xiao, Fu, Tie and Za. In order to perform these roles well, opera performers have to receive extensive training and master skills required by the role.
粤剧⾓⾊粤剧有⼗个⾓⾊：末，⽣，旦，净，丑，外，⼩，夫，贴和杂。为了更好地扮演这些⾓⾊，粤剧演员必须接受⼴泛的培训并掌握⾓⾊所需的技能。
Cantonese operas Many well-known operas are still performed today, such as The Purple Hairpin《紫钗记》and Rejuvenation of the Red Plum Flower, which originated in the Yuan Dynasty. Other Cantonese operas are adapted from western movies or novels.
粤剧许多著名的歌剧⾄今仍在上演，如《紫钗》(《紫钗记》)和起源于元代的《再世红梅记》。其他粤剧改编⾃西⽅电影或⼩说。
There have been many famous Cantonese opera performers. From the 1920s to the 1940s, Xue Juexian, who played Wen and Wu roles, and Ma Shizeng, who played Chou roles, made great contributions to the development of Cantonese opera. Today, the CYL Cantonese Opera Troupe plays an important role in the development and promotion of Cantonese opera.
粤剧有许多著名的粤剧演员。从20世纪20年代到40年代，扮演⽂⽣、武⽣⾓⾊的薛觉先和扮演丑⾓⾊的马师曾对粤剧的发展做出了巨⼤贡献。如今，CYL粤剧团在粤剧的发展和推⼴中发挥着重要作⽤。
Many Cantonese operas preach the importance of being loyal to one’s country, filial to one’s parents, and kind to one’s friends. Therefore, Cantonese opera not only entertains, but also plays a significant part in cultivating good values.
许多粤剧宣扬忠于祖国、孝敬⽗母、善待朋友的重要性。因此，粤剧不仅具有娱乐性，⽽且在培养良好价值观⽅⾯也发挥着重要作⽤。
版权声明：本站内容均来自互联网，仅供演示用，请勿用于商业和其他非法用途。如果侵犯了您的权益请与我们联系QQ:729038198，我们将在24小时内删除。
发表评论