Social Movements of the 1960s
Social Movements and the Political System
∙Political Action in America is basically conservative. Rhetoric focuses action toward:
oindividuals,
oinstitutions, or
obroader cultures and social orders.
American politics normally focuses action on individuals so there is no institutional change. Even in times of more dramatic political activity, the focus is on institutions. More dramatic forms of social change, therefore, must rely on non-governmental and non-institutional sources. Social movements are such a strategy.
∙American social change has been intensively linked with public voice. The founding discourse of the United States stresses the voice of people. In addition, the United States is a nation of new groups, most notably the immigrants but also nativist groups such as new religions and utopians of various kinds. "Founding" is thus the great American activity. Social movements are such groups founded for particular purposes. The result is that, in addition to the traditional movements that urge political change from outside the political system, two additional types of social movement have characterized movements in the United States:
oThe Identity Movement. Identity movements provide a place for those who share a particular characteristic -- ethnic origin, sex, race, religion, creed -- to have public voice. Movements provide a context for the discourse that declares discontents to be more than private pain and for isolation of experience to be artificial. Identity movements provide people who had seen themselves as separated and isolated to embrace others and join with them to declare their identity.
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oThe Integrative Movement. Integrative movements seek to provide groups access to dominant structures of power. They seek to reorient the distribution of societal power to drain more power into the protesting groups. 汉字演变过程
∙Thus, major social change in America has tended to be non-institutional. Even when change comes through the political system, it normally starts non-institutionally.
峨眉山介绍骊山的由来Rhetoric of Non-institutional Change
∙The rhetoric of non-institutional change is more moralistic than political rhetoric. Where political rhetoric tends to emphasize pragmatism, social movements tend to emphasize idealistic rhetoric. The favorite strategy of American social movements is to ground the ideal in the American Declaration of Independence. This document founds the nation in idealism and commits the national community to the pursuit of ideals. Another favorite of movements is the use of the ideograph of <dream>. Americans dream dreams
and then go on to accomplish them. A rhetoric of moral condemnation develops that compares experience with ideal.
∙Rhetoric in American social movements tends to follow a standard pattern of rhetorical evolution:
oStage 1: Develops a language to articulate discontent. This language uses narratives, metaphors, and other rhetorical devices to capture the morality of the discontent. It is a language that identifies people together from their common sense of discontent. Movements will succeed in growing as they are able to articulate the discontent.
oStage 2: Identifies responsibility for the discontent. That is, the rhetoric develops a target for action. The scope of responsibility is a key to this move: class, society, system, or whatever. It brings a focus to responsibility. The rhetoric is often polemic, exaggerating the differences between the movement and its target. The rhetoric "perfects" this target, or creates the target's responsibility for the discontent.
oStage 3: Focuses and directs the energy of the movement toward the target. In this mature stage the movement celebrates its successes. It is a rhetoric rich in the experience of being in the movement, the satisfactions, the dreams of success, and the accomplishments of the movement's work. This is the rhetoric that motivates continued action toward the idealistic goal.
∙Successful Social Movements have certain characteristics in their rhetoric. 电脑系统升级
oThey have diverse networks that allow diffusion of information. The mass media and other normal diffusion networks in a society usually isolate social movements. Movements must, therefore, develop their own media for diffusing their messages.
oThey lodge authority in leaders, identifiable by members of the movement. More successful movements tend to have a single, emergent leader granted authority by members of the movement. Such a leader provides a single voice of coordination. Some movements have a diverse leadership, usually arranged in a hierarchy. Some movements in the past have attempted to distribute leadership so broadly as to be "leade
你这个老六是什么意思网络用语rless." The difficulties with coordination in such circumstances makes such movements vulnerable to failure.
oThey successfully convert "a mob" into an organized collectivity. Established institutions typically oppose social movements by charging that they are a "mob." Converting a disorganized cabal of individuals into a collectivity capable of joint action and coordinated response undermines the institution's strategy of opposition. But more importantly, it takes the combined energy of movement members and transforms it into energy available for the purposes of the movement.
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