选择题型的篇章阅读理解应试策略
2篇文章，每篇阅读量约250—350词左右。共计10个多项选择题。
文章的题材：
历史、文化、科技、地理、生物、化学、医学、文学、人物传记、电子、一般常识等
文章的体裁：
记叙文、议论文、说明文，其中说明文和议论文较为多见
叙述文描述人或事的发生和发展经过，或者描述人或事及相关情景。说明文是对事物现象的说明或解释。议论文论证某一观点是否正确，由论点、论据与结论构成。
考题类型：
主旨题、细节题、词义题、推断题、观点态度题
主要考察考生的以下能力：
1．正确理解英文原文；
2．掌握所读材料的主旨和大意；
3．了解用于阐述主旨和大意的事实和有关细节；
fxxk4．根据上下文判断词汇和短语的具体含义；
5．既能理解单句的意思，也能理解上下文之间的逻辑关系；
6．根据所读材料进行一定的判断和推理；
7．领会作者的观点和态度。
考生要在篇章阅读理解部分获得理想的分数，必须提高阅读速度，提高通过阅读获取信息的能力。具备一定词汇量、熟悉语法的基础上，拓宽知识面，熟悉各种题材和体裁的文章。此外，还必须掌握有关阅读的基本技巧：
1. 通过上下文猜测词义是提高阅读速度的重要手段之一。
2. 善于分析和理解句子的内在关系。分析和理解句子的内在关系，能准确判断句子的含意，提高阅读能力。遇到较长复合句时，首先要出表达句子主要意思的部分，如：
①逗号之后的句子像which ,that ,who等关系代词引导的从句通常是对前面的某个名词和句子作进一步解释和说明的。
②在短语或句子前后都有逗号时，可以把这一部分遮盖起来不要管它，再来重读句子，句子主谓结构就会突然变得清楚而又明朗了。
③另外在句子较长不到主语时，可以先出谓语来(句子中动词的时态、语态变化部分)，然后就可确定在谓语动词前和句子主语核心名词后面的部分为该核心名词的后置定语，这样问题就迎刃而解了。
④利用句子中的标点符号和反映句子内在关系的关键词或词组来分析理解句子。如：not only…but(also);from…to ;as a result of ;instead等。
3. 阅读过程中利用有用的语言信号进行预测
要成为一个有效率的阅读者，我们还要善于发现和识别有用的语言信号，如：读到thus这个单词时，我们就会期待着一个“结果”或“结论”，而见到however、but时，我们就会知道随之而出现的必定是一种和上文不同的情况。because、result ...from引导“原因”；on the other hand 表示“对比”；such as 表示“举例”；consequently表示“结果”；furthermore表示提供进一步的信息；in fact表示进一步地说明和解释；similarly表示“相似”；on the contrary指一件事的相反方面；eventually表示“最终”的结果等。
1.解题步骤
关于阅读理解，应该先读问题还是先看文章一直存在着分歧。由于两者各有利弊，而且每个人的阅读习惯不同，因而我们可以针对不同的文章采取不同的解题步骤。通常有以下几种方法：
1)先读懂全文，然后做题，做题时如遇到困难再重读有关的文字。这种方法的缺点在于第一遍阅读时，阅读目的性不明确，该记住的一些事实或细节未留心注意，答题时不得不再去查。
2)先读问题，然后带着问题读文章。这种方法的优点在于目的明确，知道考查重点所在，因此阅读时就有侧重点，能节省解题时间。缺点在于，由于没有读过短文，不了解文章的主题、细节分布情况，因而可能不能很快到所需信息。
3)首先快速通读全文，对文章内容形成总体印象。然后读问题，再把全文认真读一遍，最后回答问题。这种方法避免了前两种方法的缺点，使考生在快速阅读的过程中了解了文章的题材、主要结构，并对细节有所了解，这样既提高了做题的准确率，又能有效地利用时间。但此种方法对考生要求很高，要求考生阅读速度要比较快。
考题类型：
第一类主旨大意题
把握文章的主旨大意，有一个重要前提就是要通过略读了解文章的主题和行文结构。常见的英语文章有四种结构：一般特殊型或演绎型；问题解决型；匹配型；驳论型和劝说型。
主旨大意题的考查形式有：考查文章/段落的主题、考查文章的标题、考查文章的写作目的、考查文章的选材来源。
确定文章主旨或段落大意的提问方式主要有：第十二秒故事大概
a. The main point of the passage is….
b. The passage deals mainly with….
c. The title that best expresses the idea of the passage is….
d. The main idea of the passage may be best expressed as….
江苏卫视跨年晚会直播e. The passage is mainly c oncerned with….
f. The passage illustrates….
g. The passage makes clear that….
梦见剪头发h. The main subject of the passage is that….
j. What's the main idea/subject/purpose/topic of the passage?
k. The passage is about….
l. The most accurate of the following statem ents ,on the basis of the above paragraph ,is that….好听男孩的名字
m. The author's purpose in writing this passage is….
n. The paragraph could be entitled….
中心思想或主旨是一篇文章或一个段落的核心。但是不同作者表现主题思想的手法也不尽相同。为使读者能够直接了解文章的主要内容，作者通常采用主题句的写作手法，即用一句或几句话来直接表达主题。因此正确把握文章的主题句(top sentence)是解答这类问题的关键。主题句一般结构简单而且完整，一般不采用长句子的形式，在句法上简洁明了。主题句意思完整、概括段中其他句子起解释、支持或扩展主题句所表述的中心思想的作用，这些句子叫做阐述句(supporting sentences)。一个段落由一个主题句和几个阐述句构成，所有阐述句必须紧密围绕主题句展开。如果一篇短文包括几个段落，那么每个段落的主题句都必须围绕短文的主题句展开。主题句在文中出现的位置不尽相同。在演绎性文章中，主题句一般位于开头部分，一开始就明确主题，然后展开讨论和说明。而在归纳性文章中，
主题句常位于文章末尾，以加强文章的说服力。还有的主题句位于中间部分，这种段落开头的一、两句或几句都是铺叙，进而引出主题。主题句之后仍有一定数量的句子陈述、论述或引申这一主题句。
例文:
（2006 年6月17日大学英语四级阅读真题）
这是一篇关于对女性教育问题的论说文。
Educating girls quite possibly yields a higher rate of return than any other investment available in the developing world. Women’s education may be unusual territory for economists, but enhancing women’s contribution to development is actually as much an econ omic as a social issue. And
economics, with its emphasis on incentives (激励), provides guidepost that point to an explanation for why so many girls are deprived of an education.
Parents in low-income countries fail to invest in their daughters because they do not expect them to make an economic contribution to the family: girls grow up only to marry into somebody else’s family and bear children. Girls are thus seen as less valuable than boys and are kept at home to do housework while their brothers are sent to school-the prophecy (预言) becomes self-fulfilling, trappin
g women in a vicious circle (恶性循环) of neglect.
An educated mother, on the other hand, has greater earning abilities outside the home and faces an entirely different set of choices. She is likely to have fewer but healthier children and can insist on the development of all her children, ensuring that her daughters are given a fair chance. The education of her daughters then makes it much more likely that the next generation of girls, as well as of boys, will be educated and healthy. The vicious circle is thus transformed into a virtuous circle.
Few will dispute that educating women has great social benefits. But it has enormous economic advantages as well. Most obviously, there is the direct effect of education on the wages of female worker. Wages rise by 10 to 20 per cent for each additional year of schooling. Such big returns are impressive by the standard of other available investments, but they are just the beginning. Educating women also has a significant impact on health practices, including family planning.
25. The passage mainly discuses________.
A) unequal treatment of boys and girls in developing countries
B) the major contributions of educated women to society
C) the economic and social benefits of educating women
D) the potential earning power of well-educated women
文章第一句指出“让女孩受教育在发展中国家比其他任何投资所产生的回报率都要高”，最后一段为结论段，本段第一句“女性受教育不仅有社会效益，而且产生经济效益。故答案为C。
有的文章没有主题句，他的主旨(中心思想)是通过文章中各部分内容及其内在联系体现出来的，主要考查考生能否通过理解、分析全文，区分主要信息和次要信息，进而总结归纳文章的大意。
安徽芜湖特产如：（2002 年6月大学英语四级阅读真题）
It is hard to track the blue whale, the ocean’s largest creature, which has almost been killed off by commercial whaling and is now listed as an endangered species. Attaching radio devices to it is difficult, and visual sightings are too unreliable to give real insight into its behavior.
So biologists were delighted early this year when, with the help of the Navy, they were able to track a particular blue whale for 43 days, monitoring its sounds. This was possible because of the Navy’s formerly top-secret system of underwater listening devices spanning the oceans. Tracking whales is but one example of an exciting new world just opening to civilian scientists after the cold war as the
Navy starts to share and partly uncover its global network of underwater listening system built over the decades to track the ships of potential enemies.
Earth scientists announced at a news conference recently that they had used the system for
closely monitoring a deep-sea volcanic eruption (爆发) for the first time and that they plan similar studies.
Other scientists have proposed to use the network for tracking ocean currents and measuring changes in ocean and global temperatures.
The speed of sound in water is roughly one mile a second slower than through land but faster than through air. What is most important, different layers of ocean water can act as channels for sounds, focusing them in the same way a stethoscope (听诊器) does when it carries faint noises from a patient’s chest to a doctor’s ear. This focusing is the main reason that even relatively weak sounds in the ocean, especially low-frequency ones, can often travel thousands of miles.
31. The passage is chiefly about_______.
A) an effort to protect an endangered marine species
B) the civilian use of a military detection system
C) the exposure of a U.S. Navy top-secret weapon
D) a new way to look into the behavior of blue whales
第1，2段以追踪蓝鲸为例引出话题，水下监听技术在非军事领域的应用，第3段加以明确，第4，5段是说水下监听技术在monitoring a deep-sea volcanic eruption及tracking ocean currents and measuring changes in ocean and global temperatures方面的应用，各段要点经归纳，得出答案为B
第二类事实细节题
事实细节题所考查的主要是考生对于文章信息的识别能力。所以掌握词句转换的技能和归纳概括的能力对于事实细节题有着关键作用。
实际上，这些题目很多时候都会涉及逻辑关系、比较关系等的明暗转换，又常常涉及存在于段落与段落之间的这些逻辑关系。这是需要通过仔细理解原文才能识别的信息。
考生需要重点掌握的逻辑关系有：因果、转折、举例等。需要重点掌握的从句有：主语从句、定语从句、原因/条件状语从句、结果/目的状语从句等。需要重点掌握的结构有：强调结构、倒装结构、双重否定、分词结构等。
例文:
（2007 年6月大学英语四级阅读真题）
I’ve been writing for most of my life. The book Writing Without Teachers introduced me to one distinction and one practice that has helped my writing processes tremendously. The distinction is between the creative mind and the critical mind. While you need to employ both to get to a finished result, they cannot work in parallel no matter how much we might like to think so. Trying to criticize writing on the fly is possibly the single greatest barrier to writing that most of us encounter. If you are listening to that 5th grade English teacher correct your grammar while you are trying to capture a fleeting (稍纵即逝的) thought, the thought will die. If you capture the fleeting thought and simply share it with the world in raw form, no one is likely to understand.
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