动词变三单:
动词第三人称单数的变化规则:
①、一般情况下,词尾加s,如;like----likes, want----wants.
②、以s, x, ch, sh, o结尾的加es,如,watch---watches, go---goes。
③、以y结尾的归两大类:
★元音+y要加s,如play----plays
★辅音+y要变y为i+es如study---studies
动词ing变化规则
1.通常在动词后加ing。如 play→playing
2.以不发音的e结尾的动词,去e加ing。如 make→making
3.以辅元辅结尾的动词,双写末尾字母,再加ing。如 run→running
4.以ie结尾的动词,变ie为y,再加ing。如 lie→lying
can的过去式 注:travel / quarrel可双写l,也可不双写。如 travel→travelling / traveling
动词过去式变化:
[1] e结尾的情况:
e结尾的动词, 直接加d: smile--smiled; hope--hoped.
ie结尾动词,直接加d: died;tied.
[2] 双辅音结尾的情况:
两个辅音字母(consonant)结尾的, 直接加ed: helped; learned.
[3]两个元音+一个辅音结尾的情况:
两个元音(元音字母:a,e,i,o,u)加一个辅音字母结尾的动词,直接加ed: rained; heated.
[4] 一个元音+一个辅音结尾的情况:
一个元音加一个辅音字母结尾的动词:
(1) 对单音节单词,双写最后一个辅音字母加ed. stopped; planned;
(2) 对双音节单词,如果重读在第一个音节处,不双写加ed. 如: visited(重读在vis前); offered(重读在of前);
(3) 对双音节单词,如果重读在第二个音节处,双写词尾辅音字母加ed. 如: preferred(重读在fer前); admitted(重读在mit前); referred; deferred;
[5] y结尾的情况:
元音+y结尾动词,直接加ed: played; enjoyed.
辅音+y结尾动词,y变i加ed: worried;studied.
1.把动词原形中的i改为a,变成过去式。如:
begin—began,drink—drank,give—gave,ring—rang,sing—sang,sit—sat,swim—swam
2.把重读开音节中的i改为o,变成过去式。如: drive—drove,ride—rode,write—wrote
3.改动词原形中的aw /ow为ew,变成过去式。如:
draw—drew,grow—grew,know—knew,throw—threw(动词show除外,show—showed)
4.动词原形中的e改为o,变成过去式。如: get—got,forget—forgot
5.动词原形中的ee改为e,变成过去式。如: feed—fed,meet—met
6.动词原形中的eep改为ept,变成过去式。如: keep—kept,sleep—slept,sweep—swept
7.动词原形中的eak改为oke,变成过去式。如: break—broke,speak—spoke
8.动词原形中的ell改为old,变成过去式。如: sell—sold,tell—told
9.动词原形中的an改为oo,变成过去式。如: stand—stood,understand—understood
10.以ought和aught结尾,且读音是〔 :t〕的过去式。如:
bring—brought,buy— bought,think—thought,catch—caught,teach—taught
11.以ould结尾且读音为〔ud〕的情态动词过去式。如: can—could,shall—should,will—would
12.把动词原形中的o改为a,变成过去式。如: come—came,become—became
13.在动词原形后加d或t变成过去式,并且发生音变。如:
hear〔hi 〕—heard〔h :d〕, say〔sei〕—said〔sed〕,mean〔mi:n〕—meant〔ment〕
14.动词的过去式与动词原形一样。如:
let—let,must—must,put—put,read—read〔red〕
15.不符合上述规律的动词过去式。如:
am,is—was,are—were,build—built,do—did,eat—ate,fall—fell,feel—felt,find—found,fly—flew,go—went,have /has— had,hold—held,leave—left,make—made,may—might,run—ran,see—saw,take—took
名词复数变化规则
一、可数名词都有单数和复数之分。
A: 规则的可数名词的复数变化规则:
1.一般情况加 s : book-- books 2.以 s 、 sh 、 ch 、 x结尾的加 es : class--- classes box----boxes match----matches
3.辅音字母 + y结尾的变 y为 i加es: city---cities country----countries
4.以 o 结尾的词 +es的只有以下词 :heroes Negroes tomatoes potatoes zeroes/zeros
以 o 结尾并且词尾有两个元音字母 +s radios, zoos, bamboos ,(pianos ,kilos photos)
5.以f, fe 结尾的 变f或fe为v +es :
thief wife life knife wolf half leaf shelf
B: 名词词尾的读音规则:
A. 在[ p] [t] [k] [f]等清辅音后读[s] cups, hats, cakes, roofs
B. 在[s] [z] [∫] [t∫]等音后读[iz] glasses, faces, roses.
C.在其他情况下读作[z] beds days cities knives.
D.以th结尾的词原来读[ ] 加词尾后多数读[ ]
如: mouth—mouths path—paths ;
但是也有不变化的,如: month—months, ninth—ninths, youth—youths.
1.man—men, woman—women, tooth—teeth, foot—feet, goose—geese child—children, mouse—mice,
2.单复数相同: sheep, deer, Chinese, Japanese Swiss.
3.以man, woman 修饰名词构成合成词时,两个词都变化.
man servant—men servants. (boy/girl students)
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