动词原形 | 过去式 | 过去分词 | 意思 | 注意 |
cost | cost | cost | 花费 | |
cut | cut | cut | 割，切 | |
hit | hit | hit | 打 | |
put | put | put | 放下 | |
read | read | read | 读 | 读音 |
let | let | let | 让 | |
一、A---A---A型（现在式、过去式和过去分词同形，保持不变，除进行式外）
二、A---A---B型（现在式和过去式同形）
动词原形 | 过去式 | 过去分词 | 意思 |
beat | beat | beaten | find的过去式打 |
三、A---B---A型（现在式和过去分词同形）
动词原形 | 过去式 | 过去分词 | 意思 |
come | came | come | 来到 |
become | became | become | 变 |
run | ran | run | 跑 |
overcome | overcame | overcome | 征服 |
四、A---B---B型（过去式与过去分词同形）
分为以下情形：① 在动词原形后加一个辅音字母d或t。
动词原形 | 过去式 | 过去分词 | 意思 |
burn | burnt | burnt | 燃烧 |
learn | learned/learnt | learned/learnt | 学习 |
mean | meant | meant | 含义 |
hear | heard | heard | 听见 |
② 把动词原形的最后一个辅音字母“d”改为“t”。
动词原形 | 过去式 | 过去分词 | 意思 |
build | built | built | 建筑 |
lend | lent | lent | 借 |
spend | spent | spent | 传送 |
sent | sent | sent | 花费 |
③ 其他不规则的各种变化。
动词原形 | 过去式 | 过去分词 | 意思 |
pay | paid | paid | 付钱 |
lay | laid | laid | 下蛋 |
say | said | said | 说 |
bring | brought | brought | 带来 |
buy | bought | bought | 买 |
fight | fought | fought | 战斗 |
think | thought | thought | 思考 |
sleep | slept | slept | 睡觉 |
fee | felt | felt | 感觉 |
keep | kept | kept | 保持 |
sweep | swept | swept | 扫 |
stand | stood | stood | 站 |
understand | understood | understood | 理解 |
win | won | won | 胜利 |
catch | caught | caught | 抓住 |
teach | taught | taught | 教 |
find | found | found | 发现 |
get | got | got | 得到 |
hold | held | held | 握 |
leave | left | left | 离开 |
make | made | made | 制造 |
meet | met | met | 遇见 |
shoot | shot | shot | 设计 |
dig | dug | dug | 挖 |
smell | smelt/smelled | smelt/smelled | 嗅，闻 |
shine | shone/shined | shone/shined | 发光 |
sit | sat | sat | 坐下 |
have | had | had | 有 |
五、A---B---C型（三词不同形）
分为以下情形：① 在动词原形后加-n或-en 构成过去分词 。
动词原形 | 过去式 | 过去分词 | 意思 |
eat | ate | eaten | 吃 |
fall | fell | fallen | 落下 |
give | gave | given | 给 |
take | took | taken | 拿，记录，拍摄 |
see | saw | seen | 看见 |
write | wrote | written | 写 |
ride | rode | ridden | 骑 |
drive | drove | driven | 驾驶 |
throw | threw | thrown | 抛，扔 |
blow | blew | blown | 吹 |
grow | grew | grown | 生长 |
know | knew | known | 知道 |
show | showed | shown | 展示 |
draw | drew | drawn | 拉，绘画，抽签 |
② 过去式加-n或-en构成过去分词。
动词原形 | 过去式 | 过去分词 | 意思 |
speak | spoke | spoken | 说话 |
break | broke | broken | 破碎 |
choose | chose | chosen | 选择 |
forget | forgot | forgotten | 忘记 |
freeze | froze | frozen | 凝固 |
③ 把单词在重读音节中的元音字母“i”变成“a”（过去式）和“u”（过去分词）。
动词原形 | 过去式 | 过去分词 | 意思 |
begin | began | begun | 开始 |
ring | rang | rung | 按铃 |
sing | sang | sung | 唱 |
sink | sank | sunk | 沉 |
swim | swam | swum | 游泳 |
drink | drank | drunk | 喝 |
④ 其他不规则动词的变化。
动词原形 | 过去式 | 过去分词 | 意思 |
be(am/is) | was | been | 是 |
be(are) | were | been | 是 |
do | did | done | 做 |
go | went | gone | 去 |
lie | lay | lain | 躺 |
wear | wore | worn | 穿 |
出师表
两汉：诸葛亮
先帝创业未半而中道崩殂，今天下三分，益州疲弊，此诚危急存亡之秋也。然侍卫之臣不懈于内，忠志之士忘身于外者，盖追先帝之殊遇，欲报之于陛下也。诚宜开张圣听，以光先帝遗德，恢弘志士之气，不宜妄自菲薄，引喻失义，以塞忠谏之路也。
宫中府中，俱为一体；陟罚臧否，不宜异同。若有作奸犯科及为忠善者，宜付有司论其刑赏，以昭陛下平明之理；不宜偏私，使内外异法也。
侍中、侍郎郭攸之、费祎、董允等，此皆良实，志虑忠纯，是以先帝简拔以遗陛下：愚以为宫中之事，事无大小，悉以咨之，然后施行，必能裨补阙漏，有所广益。
将军向宠，性行淑均，晓畅军事，试用于昔日，先帝称之曰“能”，是以众议举宠为督：愚以为营中之事，悉以咨之，必能使行阵和睦，优劣得所。
亲贤臣，远小人，此先汉所以兴隆也；亲小人，远贤臣，此后汉所以倾颓也。先帝在时，每与臣论此事，未尝不叹息痛恨于桓、灵也。侍中、尚书、长史、参军，此悉贞良死节之臣，愿陛下亲之、信之，则汉室之隆，可计日而待也。
臣本布衣，躬耕于南阳，苟全性命于乱世，不求闻达于诸侯。先帝不以臣卑鄙，猥自枉屈，三顾臣于草庐之中，咨臣以当世之事，由是感激，遂许先帝以驱驰。后值倾覆，受任于败军之际，奉命于危难之间，尔来二十有一年矣。
先帝知臣谨慎，故临崩寄臣以大事也。受命以来，夙夜忧叹，恐托付不效，以伤先帝之明；
故五月渡泸，深入不毛。今南方已定，兵甲已足，当奖率三军，北定中原，庶竭驽钝，攘除奸凶，兴复汉室，还于旧都。此臣所以报先帝而忠陛下之职分也。至于斟酌损益，进尽忠言，则攸之、祎、允之任也。
愿陛下托臣以讨贼兴复之效，不效，则治臣之罪，以告先帝之灵。若无兴德之言，则责攸之、祎、允等之慢，以彰其咎；陛下亦宜自谋，以咨诹善道，察纳雅言，深追先帝遗诏。臣不胜受恩感激。
今当远离，临表涕零，不知所言。
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