PART ONE 第一部分 Language from within 语言系统
Chapter One: Introduction to Linguistics第一章 导入
一. 核心提示
二. 概念定义
langue vs. parole…
Competence vs. performance….
三、理解简答
1. What is language?
什么是语言？
2. What functions does language have?
语言有那些功能？
3. What are features of human language specified by C. Hockett?
霍基特阐明了人类语言的哪些特征？
4. What is linguistics?
什么是语言学？
5. What are the major branches of linguistics? What does each of them study?
语言学的主要分支学科有哪些？其研究内容是什么？
6. Why is it that linguistics is scientific study of language?
为什么说语言学是一门科学？
7. Of the two major media of communication, speech and writing, which one is primary？
在两种主要交际媒介中，即口头语和书面语，哪一种是第一性的？
8. What is the difference between langue and parole?
语言和言语之间的区别是什么？
9. What is the distinction between the competence and the performance?
语言能力和言语行为有什么差异？
10. How is Sanussure’s distinction between langue and parole similar to Chomsky’s distinction between competence and performance?
索绪尔对语言和言语的区分与乔姆斯基对语言能力与语言运用的区分有什么相似之处？
11. What makes modern linguistics different from traditional grammar?
现代语言学与传统语法的不同之处在哪里？
12. Is modern linguistics mainly synchronic or diachronic?
现代语言学是主要是共时性的，还是历时性的？
13. Does the traffic light system have duality? Can you explain by drawing a simple graph?
交通灯系统有二层性吗？
14. How do you comment on dog’s barking?
你如何看待狗吠？
15. What is the recursive nature of language?
何谓语言的递归性？
16. Do body language and facial expression share or lack the distinctive properties of human language?
身体语言和面部表情具有人类语言的哪些独特特征？
17. Can you judge the synchronic or diachronic orientation just from the titles?
你能仅从书名判断著作的研究倾向是历时或共时的吗？
18. Why is the distinction between competence and performance important in linguistics?
为什么语言能力和语言运用的区分在语言学中很重要？
为什么语言能力和语言运用的区分在语言学中很重要？
19. How do you understand arbitrariness in a sentence？
如何理解语句顺序的任意性？
20. Do you think that onomatopoeia indicates a non-arbitrary relationship between form and meaning?
你是否认为拟声词表明了形式与意义之间非任意的关系？
Chapter Two: Speech Sounds 第二章： 语音
一. 核心提示
二. 概念定义
Phonetics……
Cardinal Vowels……
三、理解简答
1. How do the three branches of phonetics contribute to the study of speech sounds?
语音学的三个分支对语音学的研究有什么贡献？
2. . How do phonetics and phonology differ in their focus of study?
语音学和音位学的研究重心有何不同？
3. Where are the resonating cavities of a human being contained?
人类的发音的共鸣腔位于什么地方？
4. What is the function of the nasal cavity? How does it perform this function?
鼻腔的作用是什么？它如何发挥作用？
5. What are the various parts in the oral cavity which are involved in the production of speech sounds?
口腔中发音所涉及的各部分有哪些？
6. How broad transcription and narrow transcription differ from each other? Provide with examples.
how are you是什么意思举例说明宽式音标和严式音标的区别？
7. How are the English consonants classified?
英语的辅音如何分类？
8. How are the English vowels classified?
英语的元音如何分类？
9. What is the phonetic symbol for each of the sound descriptions offered?
所给语音描述的语音符号是什么？
10. What are the phonetic features of each of the sounds given?
所给语音符号的语音特征是什么？
11．Transcribe the following sentences into normal orthography.
写出下列音标代表的英语句子
写出下列音标代表的英语句子
12. Who do you think will be more interested in the difference between, say, [l] and [l-], [p] and [ph], a phonetician or a phonologist? and Why?
语音学家和音位学家，哪一个更关心清晰音[l]和模糊音[l]以及[p]和[ph]的区别？为什么？
13. What is free variation?
什么是自由变异
14. What is assimilation?
什么是同化现象？
15．What are distinctive features?
什么是区别特征?
16. What is a minimal pair and what is a minimal set? Why is it important to identify the minimal set in a language?
什么是最小对立对？什么是最小对立组？为什么区别最小对立组在一种语言中非常重要？
17．Can you answer the following questions concerning English dialects?
能否回答下列关于英语方言问题？
18. What is complementary distribution?
什么是互补分布？
19. What are the definitions of, with examples, the sequential rule, the assimilation rule, and the deletion rule?
举例说明什么是序列规则？什么是同化规则？什么是省略规则？
Chapter Three: Lexicology 第三章 语词
一、核心提示
二、概念定义
Morpheme….
Loanshift….
三、理解简答
1. What does morphology study?
形态学研究的是什么？
2. What are, with examples, the various types of morpheme used in English?
英语中有哪些所用语素？举例子说明。
3. What are the main inflectional affixes in English? What grammatical meaning do they convey?
英语中有哪些主要屈折词缀？它们表达什么语法意义？
4. Can you find out the meaning of the following roots in English and give two or three words that contain each of them？
能否指出下列英语词根的含义并分别举出两三个包含这些词根的单词？
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