系动词与助动词
系动词,亦称连系动词(Link Verb)。作为系动词,它本身有词义,但不能单独用作谓语,后边必须跟表语,亦称补语(形容词),构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。
协助主要动词构成谓语动词词组的词叫助动词(Auxiliary Verb)。被协助的动词称作主要动词(Main Verb)。构成时态,语态。 助动词是语法功能词,自身没有词义,不可单独使用,它没有对应的汉译,例如: He doesn't like English. 他不喜欢英语。 (doesn't是助动词,无词义;like是主要动词,有词义)
1)状态系动词
  用来表示主语性质或状态,只有be一词,例如:
  He is a teacher. 他是一名教师。(表示主语的身份--性质)
  He is ill. 他病了。(表示主语的状态)
2)持续系动词
  用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度,主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如:
  He always kept silent at meeting. 他开会时总保持沉默。
  This matter rests a mystery. 此事仍是一个谜。
3)表像系动词
  用来表示"看起来像"这一概念,主要有seem, appear, look, 例如:
  He looks tired. 他看起来很累。
  He seems (to be) very sad. 他看起来很伤心。
4)感官系动词
  感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如:
  This kind of cloth feels very soft.
  这种布手感很软。
  This flower smells very sweet.
  这朵花闻起来很香。
5)变化系动词
  这些系动词表示主语变成什么样,变化系动词主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run.
  例如:
  He became mad after that. 自那之后,他疯了。
  She grew rich within a short time. 她没多长时间就富了。
6)终止系动词
  表示主语已终止动作,主要有prove, turn out, 表达"证实","变成"之意,例如:
  The rumor proved false. 这谣言证实有假。
  The search proved difficult. 搜查证实很难。
His plan turned out a success. 他的计划终于成功了。(turn out表终止性结果)
助动词am,is,are的用法
  §1) am,is,are +现在分词,构成进行时态,例如:
  They are having a meeting. 他们正在开会。
  English is becoming more and more important. 英语现在越来越重要。
  2) am,is,are + 过去分词,构成被动语态,例如:
  The window was broken by Tom.. 窗户是汤姆打碎的。
  English is taught throughout the world. 世界各地都教英语。
副词的位置
  3)am,is,are+ 动词不定式,可表示下列内容:
  a. 用现在时表示最近、未来的计划或安排,例如:
  He is to go to New York next week.. 他下周要去纽约。
  We are to teach the freshpersons. 我们要教新生。
  说明: 这种用法也可以说成是一种将来时态表达法。
  b. 表示命令,例如:
  You are to explain this. 对此你要做出解释。
  He is to come to the office this afternoon. 要他今天下午来办公室。
  c. 征求意见,例如:
  How am I to answer him? 我该怎样答复他?
  Who is to go there? 谁该去那儿呢?
  d. 表示相约、商定,例如:
  We are to meet at the school gate at seven tomorrow morning. 我们明天早晨7点在校门口集合。
一般副词的位置回目录

1) 多数副词都放在所修饰动词后面(a)或句末(宾语或状语后面)(b):
a. 
It’s raining hard. 雨下得很大。
They lived happily ever after. 从此他们过上了幸福的生活。
She moved about gracefully. 她优雅地走来走去。
He speaks (behaves) naturally. 他讲话(举止)很自然。
b. 
He gave her the money reluctantly. 他不情愿地把钱给了她。
He looked at me suspiciously. 他用怀疑的目光看着我。
She doesn’t work here now. 她现在不在这里工作了。
2) 有时放在主语和动词之间,这时有三种情况:
a. 宾语较长时,副词常常提前(以免副词离动词太远):
He carefully picked up all the bits of broken glass. 他仔细地把碎玻璃都捡了起来。
He angrily denied that he had stolen the documents. 他气愤地否认窃取了文件。
They secretly decided to leave the town. 他们秘密决定离开这座城市。
The firemen bravely went into the burning house. 消防队员勇敢地冲进熊熊燃烧的房子。
b. 有些说明性格或智力的副词,常可放在动词前面:
I foolishly forgot my passport. 我愚蠢地忘了带护照。
He generously paid for us all. 他大方地替大家付了钱。
He kindly waited for me. 他好心地等候我们。
They warmly welcomed us at the door. 他们在门口热烈欢迎我们。
c. 有些副词,如suddenly, soon, nearly, surely, almost, just, still, really等,常可以放在动词前面:
I almost forgot about the whole thing. 我几乎把整个这件事给忘了。
She suddenly fell ill. 她突然病了。
He nearly died of starvation. 他差点饿死。
I still don’t understand. 我还是不懂。
3)有些副词常放在助动词和主要动词之间(a)或主语和表语之间(b):
a. 
I’m still waiting for an answer. 我还在等待答复。
I’ve just returned from Shanghai. 我刚从上海回来。
She’s already gone home. 她已经回家了。
b. 
The meeting is just over. 会刚结束。
She was still weak after her long illness. 她久病之后身子还很虚弱。
Then she was already out of his mind. 这时他已不想她了。
4) 有些副词为了强调可放在句首:
Indoors it was nice and warm. 室内非常暖和舒服。
Recently I haven’t been feeling very well. 最近我感到身子不太舒服。
Indeed the note has disappointed me. 的确这条子使我很失望。
Really, it needs watering. 真的它该浇水了。
Apparently, he knew the town well. 显然他很熟悉这座城市。
频度副词的位置回目录

1) 频度副词通常放在下面三个位置:
a. 放在动词前面:
They sometimes stay up all night. 他们有时彻夜不眠。
She never saw him again. 她再也没见到他。
He seldom watches TV. 他很少看电视。
I usually go to bed at eleven. 我通常十一点睡觉。
b.  放在助动词后面(主要动词前面):
He can never understand that. 他永远理解不了这一点。
I have often thought of you. 我常常想到你。
Have you often ridden a camel? 你骑过骆驼吗?
c.  如句子里有系动词be,则通常放在be后面:
He’s always at home in the evening. 他晚上总在家。
She’s often late. 她常常迟到。
He’s seldom out of pain. 他很少有不疼的时候。
His thoughts were frequently on her. 他经常想到她。
2) 频度副词有时可放在其他位置:
a. 为了强调可放在句首;
Always, we went on foot. 我们总是步行去。
Occasionally he came to see us. 偶尔他来看望我们。
Often I didn’t see her until the evening. 常常我要到晚上才看到她。
Generally she remained in on weekdays. 一般周日她都待在家里。
Sometimes we’re busy and sometimes we’re not. 我们有时很忙,有时不忙。
b. 有时为了强调,可放在情态动词、助动词及动词be前面:
We usually don’t get up until nine on Sundays. 星期天我们通常九点才起床。
He never would go to a doctor, he didn’t believe in them. 他从不去看医生,他不相信他们。
She hardly ever has met him. 她几乎从未见过他。
I never can remember telephone numbers. 我从来记不住电话号码。
He always is late when we’ve an important meeting. 我们有重要会议时,他总是迟到。
c. 间或也可放在句末:
I have endless occupation always. 我总是有做不完的事。
I don’t see her often. 我不常见他。
He comes over to see us sometimes. 他有时过来看望我们。
Lester came only occasionally. 莱特斯只是偶尔来。
I should certainly visit her frequently to cheer her up. 我确实应当经常去看她,让她高兴起来

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