现在和过去完成时的区别
一、从结构上区别
现在完成时：主语 + have / has + 过去分词 肯定式
主语 + have / has + not + 过去分词 否定式
Have / Has + 主语 + 过去分词 疑问式
过去完成时：主语 + had + 过去分词 肯定式
主语 +had + not + 过去分词 否定式
Had + 主语 + 过去分词 疑问式
二从时间状语区别
现在完成时: 常用的时间状语包括 “now, today, tonight, this week, this year, already, yet, just, recently…etc”;
过去完成时: 常用的时间状语包括 “by, at, before等构成的短语”;
注意：当表示一段时间,现在完成时和过去完成时都可以用for 或since引导的状语;
例如：Have you had your lunch yet 你吃午饭了吗
Yes, I have . I’ve just had it. 是的,我刚吃完;
I have had a clock now. 我现在有一个闹钟了;
Have you already posted the photos 你把照片寄走了吗
The meeting had begun when we got there. 我们到那儿时,会议已经开始了;
We had learned about 5000English words by the end of last term.
到上学期末我们已经学了5000个英语单词;
They had done the work at five o’clock. 在五点钟的时候他们已经完成了那项工作;
I’ve known Li Lei for three years. 我认识李蕾已经三年了;
I have worked here since ten years ago. 自从十年前我就在这工作;
We had not heard from him since we left here. 自从我们离开以来一直没有收到他的来信;
They had then been without sleep for twenty-four hours.这时他们已经有24个小时没有合眼了;
三使用时注意事项
使用现在完成时应该注意：
1.“ have/ has got ”形式上是一种完成时,但和have/ has 为同一意义,即 “有”;
例如：Have you got a pen-friend 你有笔友吗
Yes, I have. 是的,我有;
Has he got a lot of work to do 他有许多工作要做吗
No, he hasn’t. 不,他没有;
2. have/ has gone to 与 have/has been to 的区别
have/ has gone to 强调“去而未归”； have/ has been to 强调“去而归还”; have/ has
been to常和once, twice, never, ever连用； have/ has gone to则不可;例如：
— Have Jack ever been to Beijing 杰克去过北京吗
— Yes, he’s been there several times. 是的,他去过好几次了;
— Where have Mary and Tom gone 玛丽和汤姆去哪里了
— They’ve gone to London. 他们去伦敦了;
3.非延续性动词不能用于“现在完成时 + 表示一段时间的状语”的句型中;
这类动词有：come, go, start, leave, die, buy, finish, join, borrow, stop等;但它们能够
用表示持续状态的相应的延续性动词替换句中的终止性动词;例如：
arrive, come → be here, be in
begin, start → be on
buy → have
die → be dead
fall asleepill → be asleep ill
finish, end → be over
get to know → know
get up → be up
go out → be out
join → be in , be a + 名词
leave, move → be away, be out of
使用过去完成时应该注意：
如果两个动作紧接着发生,则常常不用过去完成时;例如：
When she came into the room, she found them sitting together singing.
她进屋时看见他们坐在一起唱歌;
After we said good-bye to our friends, we left the village.
在和朋友告别之后我们就离开村子;
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总结：
现在完成时着眼于现在,强调过去发生的某动作对现在造成的影响和结果,或是由过去持续到现在的动作;
I have cleaned the classroom .强调扫地所产生的结果：地干净了
We have lived here for ten years.“住”从过去持续到现在的动作用现在完成时
We have lived here since we came here.“住”是从过去持续到现在的动作用现在完成时
过去完成时则主要体现过去发生的两动作的先后有别,表达的是“过去的过去”,即比过去发生的某动作都还要“过去”,两动作中先发生的就用过去完成时,后发生的则只用一般过去时;运用过去完成时的句子往往有两过去的时间或动作,一定要注意这点哟
Mr Green had lived in New York for ten years before he came to China."来”中国已过去,而先前“住”在纽约更过去另外注意：“住”在纽约可没有持续到现在哟
We had learned 1000 words by the end of last term.
“上期期末”已过去,而是在其前“学”的就更过去了
现在完成进行时和现在完成时
1现在完成进行时和现在完成时皆可表示动作对现在产生的结果,但前者所表示的结果是直接的,而后者所表示的则是最后的结果;如：
We have been cleaning the classroom．a
We have cleaned the classroom．b
a句可译为“我们打扫教室来着;”其直接结果可能是：我们身上都是灰;b句可以译为“我们把教室打扫过了;”其结果是：现在教室很清洁,可以用了;又,a句表示教室刚刚打扫过,b句则可能表示教室是昨天打扫的;
Be careful John has been painting the door．a
John has painted the door．b
a句表示约翰刚刚把门油漆过,现在油漆还未干,所以你要小心;b句则无此含义,油漆可能已干了;
4现在完成进行时往往表示动作在重复,现在完成时则常常不带重复性;如：
Have you been meeting her latelya
Have you met her latelyb
a句有“经常相会”之意,b句则没有;b句如与often,every day等时间状语连用,当然也表示动作在重复;
5现在完成进行时比较生动,有时含有明显的感情彩,而现在完成时往往只说明一个事实,一种影响或结果,平铺直叙,没有什么感情彩可言;如：
What have you been doinga
What have you doneb
a句表示惊异;b句只是一个问题;
Have you been waiting longa
Have you waited longb
a句较b句生动;又,a句比较口语化; 昨天已成过去
I have been wanting to meet you for long．a
I have long wanted to meet you．b
a句比b句更亲切,更有礼貌;
Recently Mary has been doing her work regularly．a
Recently Mary has done her work regularly．b
a句显然是在表扬玛丽;b只说明一个事实;
下面还有一例,颇为有趣:
Who's been eating my applesa
Who's eaten my applesb
a句有强烈的感情彩,表示愤怒不满,b句只是希望回答的一个问题;又,a句兼有进行时态,所以有“苹果未被全部吃光”的意思,b句是完成时态,说明“苹果一个不剩了”;
过去完成进行时和过去完成进行时
过去完成进行时是由"had been + 现在分词"构成;
She had been suffering from a bad cold when she took the exam.
她在考试之前一直患重感冒;
Had they been expecting the news for some time
他们期待这个消息有一段时间了吧
Rafael was scolded even though he hadn't been doing anything wrong.
尽管拉斐尔没做什么错事,但他还是挨骂了;
下面,我们来学习一下它的用法;
过去完成进行时的用法
①表示过去某一时间之前一直进行的动作;
过去完成进行时表示动作在过去某一时间之前开始,一直延续到这一过去时间;和过去完成时一样,过去完成进行时也必须以一过去时间为前提;
I had been looking for it for days before I found it.
这东西我了好多天才着的;
They had only been waiting for the bus a few moments when it came.
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