13英语3班 2013154318 谢京秀 19号
英语非谓语动词的分类及其用法
一、英语非谓语动词及其分类
（一） 谓语动词与非谓语动词
英语动词有谓语动词与非谓语动词之分，在句子中充当谓语的动词，是动词的谓语形式，也叫谓语动词（Finite Verb）。如：
He is writing a letter. 他正在写信。
而在句子中充当其他成分的（如主语，宾语，表语，定语，状语等）的动词，是动词的非谓语形式，称为非谓语动词（Non-finite Verb）。如：
Smoking is not good for your health. 吸烟对你的身体有害（主语）
He found those novels hard to read. 他发现那些小说很难读。（状语）
谓语动词与非谓语动词之间最重要的区别在于前者有“时”（Tense）的标志，而后者没有“时”的标志。举例列表如下：
原形 | 现在时 | 过去时 | 不定式 | -ing分词 | -ed分词 |
walk pass eat | walk(s) pass(es) eat(s) | walked passed ate | (to) walk (to) pass (to) eat | walking passing eating | walked passed eaten |
| forget |
（二） 非谓语动词的分类
英语的非谓语动词有三种：
1. 不定式（infinitive）；
2. -ing 分词（-ing participle）; 其中又分为现在分词与动名词；
3. -ed 分词（-ed participle）。也就是我们通常所说的过去分词。
二、非谓语动词在句法中的用法
（一）不定式的句法功能：
1. 作主语：
To lose your heart means failure.
动词不定式短语作主语时，常用it作形式主语，例如上句可用如下形式:
It means failure to lose your heart.
2. 作表语：
Her job is to clean the hall.
3. 作宾语：
常与不定式做宾语连用的动词有：want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help, agree, promise, prefer, 如果不定式（宾语）后面有宾语补足语，则用 it 作形
式宾语，真正的宾语（不定式）后置，放在宾语补足语后面，例如：
Mary found it important to study the situation in Russia.
动词不定式也可充当介词宾语，如：
I have no choice but to stay here.
动词不定式前有时可与疑问词连用，如：
He gave us some advice on how to learn English.
4. 作宾语补足语：
在复合宾语中，动词不定式可充当宾语补足语，如下动词常跟这种复合宾语：want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, invite.
此外，介词有时也与这种复合宾语连用，如：
With a lot of work to do, he didn't go to the cinema．
有些动词如 make, let, see, watch, hear, feel, have 等与不带有 to 的不定式连用，但改为被动语态时，要还原 to。如：
I saw him cross the road.
He was seen to cross the road.
5. 作定语：
动词不定式作定语，放在所修饰的名词或代词后。与所修饰名词有如下关系：
① 动宾关系：
I have a meeting to attend.
注意：不定式为不及物动词时，所修饰的名词如果是地点、工具等，应有必要的介词，如：
He found a good house to live in.
The child has nothing to worry about.
如果不定式修饰 time, place, way，可以省略介词：
He has no place to live.
This is the best way to work out this problem.
如果不定式所修饰的名词是不定式动作的承受者，不定式可用主动式也可用被动式：
Have you got anything to send?
Have you got anything to be sent?
② 说明所修饰名词的内容：
We have made a plan to finish the work.
③ 被修饰名词是不定式逻辑主语：
He is the first to get here.
6. 作状语：
① 表目的：
He worked day and night to get the money.
She sold her hair to buy the watch chain.
注意：不定式放句首时，逻辑主语与句子主语要一致：
wrong：To save money, every means has been tried.
right：To save money, he has tried every means.
wrong：To learn English well, a dictionary is needed.
right：To learn English well, he needs a dictionary.
② 表结果：
He arrived late to find the train gone.
常用 only 放在不定式前表示强调：
I visited him only to find him out.
③ 表原因：
They were very sad to hear the news.
④ 表程度：
It's too dark for us to see anything.
7. 作独立成分：
To tell you the truth, I don't like the way he talked.
8. 不定式的省略：保留to省略do动词
If you don't want to do it, you don't need to.
9. 不定式的并列：第二个不定式可省略 to
He wished to study medicine and become a doctor.
（二）-ing 分词的句法功能——-ing 分词又分为动名词及现在分词。
1. 动名词的句法功能：
① 作主语：
Reading aloud is very helpful.
当动名词短语作主语时常用 it 作形式主语。如：
It's no use quarrelling.
② 作表语：
In the ant city, the queen's job is laying eggs.
③ 作宾语：
They haven't finished building the dam.
We have to prevent the air from being polluted.
注意：动名词既可作动词宾语也可作介词宾语，如上面两个例句。此外，动名词作宾语时，若跟有宾语补足语，则常用形式宾语 it，例如：
We found it no good making fun of others. 我们发现取笑他人不好。
注意：如下动词及短语只跟动名词作宾语：resist(抵抗)，mind(介意)，suggest(建议)，delay(推迟)，keep(on) (保持)，look forward to (期昐)，enjoy(喜欢)，include(包括)，appreciate(欣赏)，imagine(想象)，practise(实践)，finish(完成)，consider(考虑)，can't help(不禁)，miss(错过)。以上动词及短语可以通过口诀进行记忆：抗议（意）推辞（迟）昐喜报，心（欣）想事（实）成考不错。
④ 作定语：
Is there a swimming pool in your school?
⑤ 作同位语：
His habit, listening to the news on the radio remains unchanged．
2. 现在分词的句法功能：
① 作定语：现在分词作定语，当分词单独做定语时，放在所修饰的名词前；如果是分词短语做定语放在名词后。如：
In the following years he worked even harder.
The man speaking to the teacher is our monitor's father.
现在分词作定语相当于一个定语从句的句法功能，如：in the following years 也可用 in the years that followed; the man speaking to the teacher 可改为 the man who is speaking to the teacher.
②作表语：
The present situation is inspiring.
be + doing 既可能表示现在进行时，也可能是现在分词做表语，它们的区别在于 be + doing 表示进行的动作是进行时，而表示特征时是系动词be与现在分词构成系表结构。
③ 作宾语补足语：
如下动词后可跟现在分词作宾语补足语：see, let, make, listen, hear, have, watch, notice, feel, look at 等。如：
Can you hear her singing the song in the next room?
以上动词同样也可以通过口诀进行记忆：三让（make, let, have），三看(see, look at, watch)，两听(listen, hear)，注意感觉(notice, feel)。
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