常用缩写
bp = base pair(s)
nt = nucleotide(s)
CTD = c-terminal domain
NTD = n-terminal domainntd
CAP = cAMP binding site
= catabolite Activator Protein代谢产物激活蛋白
UTR = untranslated region
RBS = ribosome binding sequence
Inr = initiator
DPE = downstream promoter elements
ORF = open reading frame
snRNA = small nuclear RNA
snRNP = small nuclear ribonucleoproteins, 小核核糖核蛋白, 蛋白及5个snRNA复合物
IGS = internal guide sequence内部引导序列
CDS = Coding sequence, =ORF
RBS（SD序列）ribosomal binding site，核糖结合位点
AARS = Amino acid tRNA synthetases
EF = elongation factors
DB = DNA binding domain
CCR = carbon catabolite repression，分解代谢产物阻遏
CRP = cAMP Receptor Protein，cAMP受体蛋白
SAM = S-adenosyl Met硫代腺苷甲硫氨酸
HDAC = Histone deacetylases组蛋白去乙酰酶
Histone acetyltransferase 组蛋白乙酰化酶
RNAi = RNA interference，RNA干扰
RISC = RNA-induced silencing complex
PTGS = Post-transcriptional gene silencing，转录后基因沉默
名词解释
1. 极性效应,极性突变Polarity of Mutation，Polar Effect: 在同一个操纵子中， 一个结构基因发生突变后，它除了影响该基因本身产物的表达外，还（在转录或翻译水平）影响其后结构基因的表达，并且具有极性梯度的特征。
2. 端粒酶Telomerase: 是一种蛋白质-RNA复合物，reverse transcriptase-like RNA-depend
ent DNA polymerase. It extends the 3’-end of chromosome using its RNA component as template.
3. 基因表达gene expression：指基因的遗传信息通过转录和翻译传递到蛋白质和功能性RNA等基因产物的过程。
4. 转录transcription：是基因表达的第一步，以dsDNA中的一条作为模板，在依赖DNA的RNA聚合酶的作用下，以NTP为底物，根据A=U，G≡C的规则，经由5’->3’方向不需要引物的合成RNA。转录有三个过程：initiation, elongation and termination.
5. 转录单位transcriptional unit：从启动子（promoter）到终止子（terminator）的一段DNA称为转录单位 （transcriptional unit）
6. close complex：promoter与聚合酶刚结合时的复合物，此时DNA仍为双链，酶与螺旋的一个面结合
7. open complex：DNA解旋，出现了在起始位点左右的14bp的开环，为转录的bubble form
8. Abortive transcription: the enzyme synthesizes and releases short RNA molecules about 9nt.
9. Abortive intiation: RNA polymerase synthesizes several short RNAs before entering the elongation phase
10. DNA的复性,也称重退火：已发生变性的DNA溶液在逐渐降温的条件下，两条核苷酸链的配对碱基间又重新形成氢键，恢复到天然DNA的双螺旋结构。
11. terminator: the sequences that trigger the elongation polymerase to dissociate from the DNA
12. attenuator: 基因内部终止子or衰减子，ρ-independent terminator, or intrinsic terminator.
13. 转录后加工：指细胞核内对mRNA前体（Pre-mRNA）进行各种修饰、剪接和编辑，生成成熟mRNA，使编码蛋白质的外显子部分连接成为一个连续的开放阅读框（open reading frame ORF）的过程。
14. 核不均一RNA, heterogenous nuclear RNA(hnRNA): The hnRNAs synthesized by RNA Pol II is mainly pre-mRNA and rapidly becomes covered by proteins to form heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs)
15. 核不均一核糖核蛋白hnRNA: The hnRNP proteins are thought to help keep the hnRNA in a single-stranded form and to assist in the various RNA processing reactions
16. 5’剪切位点, 5’ splice site: the exon-intron boundary at the 5’ end of the intron
17. 3’剪切位点, 3’ splice site: the intron -exon boundary at the 3’ end of the intron
18. 分支位点, branch point site: an A close to the 3’ end of the intron, which is followed by a polypyrimidine tract (Py tract)多嘧啶束.
19. Self-splicing introns：Introns that can fold into a specific conformation within the precursor RNA, and catalyze the chemistry of their own release and the exon ligation.
20. RNA编辑, RNA editing: 是与剪接不同的一种mRNA加工方式，指mRNA在转录后因插入、缺失或核苷酸替换，从而改变DNA来源的遗传信息。
21. 开放可读框OPR: The protein coding region of each mRNA is composed of a contiguous, nonoverlapping string of codons, starts with a start codon & ends with a stop codon.
22. Genetic code遗传密码: 决定蛋白质中氨基酸顺序的DNA或mRNA核苷酸序列 ，由核苷酸三联体密码子所构成 ，生物有61个编码蛋白质氨基酸的密码子，以及3个终止密码子。
23. codon密码子：是mRNA上连续排列的3核苷酸序列，一个三联体密码编码一个氨基酸信息或蛋白翻译的终止信息。
24. 错误突变：An alternation that changes a codon specific for one amino acid to a codon specific for another amino acid.
25. 无义突变：An alternation causing a change to a stop codon
26. 移码突变：Insertions or deletions of one or a small number of base pairs that alter the reading frame.
27. 简并性degeneracy:一种氨基酸由2个以上密码子编码的现象
28. codon family密码子家族：编码同一个氨基酸的多个codon，仅在codon的第三位核苷酸上存在差异。A group of codons that code for the same amino acid and differ only in the nucleotide that occupies the third codon position.
29. isoacceptor：负载同一AA，但识别不同密码子的不同tRNA
30. Kozak consensus sequence: GCCACCAUGG.可促进真核基因从该AUG正确起译，避免漏读
31. 转肽反应：将延伸中的肽链从肽酰tRNA转到氨酰tRNA，即形成新的肽键
32. effector效应物: 一些化学小分子，能够结合影响调控蛋白的活性
33. corepressor辅阻遏物：指与调控蛋白结合能阻止转录的小分子化合物
34. inducer诱导物：指与调控蛋白结合后能诱导转录的小分子化合物
35. recruitment regulation招募调控：Activators contain two binding sites to bind a DNA sequence and RNAPol simultaneously, can therefore enhance the RNAPol affinity with the
promoters and increases gene transcription. activator结合DNA和RNAP，提高了RNAP对promoter亲和性，增强转录。
36. operon：An operon is a unit of prokaryotic gene expression and regulation which includes coordinately regulated structural genes and control elements which are recognized by regulatory gene products.一组能被调节蛋白特异识别的原核基因，包括调节基因、结构基因和调控元件。
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