板块二│句法结构类
定语从句是形容词性从句,相当于形容词的用法,其功能是修饰先行词,对其性质、特征进行描述,先行词在定语从句中一般充当主语、宾语、表语、定语或状
语等。状语从句是副词性从句,相当于副词的用法,其功能是在复合句中作状语。根据状语从句的含义,状语从句一般可以充当时间、地点、原因、条件、目的、
结果、让步、方式和比较等状语。名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组,一般在句
子中充当主语、表语、宾语或同位语。
名词性从句
1.This is ________ my father has taught me—to always face difficulties and hope for
北京高考)
the best.(2018·
A.how
B.which
C.that
D.what
答案D[句意:这是我父亲教我的——总是面对困难,并抱最大的希望。根据语境可知,此处用what引导表语从句。句中的to always face difficulties and hope for the best是what指代的内容。]
2.The gold medal will be awarded to ________ wins the first place in the bicycle
天津高考)
race.(2018·
A.whomever
B.wherever
C.whoever
D.whatever
答案C[句意:金牌将会被颁发给在自行车比赛中获得第一的任何选手。本空需要连接词引导宾语从句,连接词在从句中作主语,指人,同时根据句意可知,
应用whoever“……的任何人,无论谁”引导这个宾语从句。]
,and I admitted that I 3.She asked me ________ I had returned the books to the library
hadn’t.(2017·天津高考)
A.when
B.where
C.whether
D.what
答案C[句意:他问我是否已经把书还给图书馆了,我承认我还没有还。根据
句意,故选C。]
4.Jane moved aimlessly down the tree-lined street,not knowing ________ she was
北京高考)
heading.(2017·
A.why
B.where
C.how
D.when
答案B[句意:Jane漫无目的地走在两旁栽树的街道上,不知道她将去往何方,
根据句意可知选B。]
北京高考)
5.Your support is important to our work.________ you can do helps.(2016·
A.However
B.Whoever
C.Whatever
D.Wherever
答案C[句意:你的支持对我们的工作很重要。无论你能做什么(whatever),
都会对我们有帮助。分析句子结构可知,所填词引导主语从句,且在从句中作
do的宾语,所以C项whatever “无论什么”符合语境。]
6.The manager put forward a suggestion ________ we should have an assistant.There
天津高考)
is too much work to do.(2016·
A.whether
B.that
C.which
D.what
答案B[句意:经理提了个建议——我们应雇个助手。要做的工作太多了。分
析句子结构可知,空格后的同位语从句用来解释说明suggestion的具体内容,从
句中不缺成分且意义完整,故选B项that。]
2016江苏高考7.________ Li Bai,a great Chinese poet,was born is known to the public,but some
won’t accept it.(江苏高考)
A.That
B.Why
C.Where
D.How
答案C[句意:中国的大诗人李白的出生地众所周知,但有些人还不认可。分
析句子结构可知,a great Chinese poet是Li Bai的同位语,where was born
是主语从句,表示“李白出生的地方”。]
【名师点睛】
名词性从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句和表语从句。考查的要点主要是连接代词和副词的正确使用,主语、谓语的语序,双重连接词以及特殊句型的
使用等。其考点主要包括:
1.考查名词性从句的连接词。如:有词义的连接代词who,whose,whom,what,which; 连接副词when,where,why,how; 从属连词that,whether,if,as if; 无词义的that在从句中不担任成分,有时可省略。
2.考查名词性从句的语序和时态。
3.考查it作形式主语、形式宾语的情况。如:
(1)It+be+形容词(necessary,important,obvious等)+that从句。
(2)It+be+过去分词+that从句。
(3)It+be+名词(a surprise,a fact,a shame,an honour等)+that从句。
(4)It+不及物动词(appear,happen等)+that从句。
4.名词性从句中的虚拟语气。如:
(1)It is (was)+essential (important,) +;
(2)It is (was) suggested (demanded,wished,)等。
5.what引导名词性从句时的语义功能和语法功能。如:what=the thing that/; what=the ; what=the ; what=the 等。
6.whoever,whatever,whichever引导名词性从句时的语义功能和语法功能。
定语从句
1.Kate,________ sister I shared a room with when we were at college, has gone to
天津高考)
work in Australia.(2018·
A.whom
B.that
C.whose
D.her
答案C[句意:凯特到澳大利亚去工作了。读大学的时候我和她的住一个
寝室。从句子结构看,本空需要关系词引导定语从句,先行词为Kate,且关系代词在从句中作定语,因此用关系代词whose引导这个定语从句。]
北京高考) 2.She and her family bicycle to work,________ helps them keep fit.(2018·
A.which
B.who
C.as
D.that
答案A[句意:她和她的家人骑自行车上班,这有助于他们保持健康。根据句子结构可知,此处用which引导非限制性定语从句,指代前面的事。]
3.My eldest son,________work takes him all over the world,is in New York at the
天津高考)
moment.(2017·
A.that
B.whose
C.his
D.who
答案B[本句是一个非限制性定语从句,先行词是My eldest son,根据句意和空后名词确定引导词在从句中作定语,选项中只有whose能够修饰名词作定语。故选B。]
4.The little problems ________ we meet in our daily lives may be inspirations for
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great inventions.(2017·
A.that
B.as
C.where
D.when
答案A[句意:我们在日常生活中遇到的小问题可能就是伟大发明的灵感。此句是定语从句,从句缺少宾语,先行词是problems,故用that。]
5.I live next door to a couple ________ children often make a lot of noise.(2016北京高考)
A.whose
B.why
C.where
D.which
答案A[句意:我住在一对夫妇的隔壁,他们的孩子(whose children)经常吵吵闹闹。whose引导定语从句,且在从句中作children的定语。]
6.We will put off the picnic in the park until next week,________ the weather may be
天津高考)
better.(2016·
A.that
B.where
C.which
D.when
答案D[句意:我们将把去公园野餐推迟到下周,那时天气可能更好。分析句子成分可知定语从句中缺少时间状语,故用when引导。]
7.The number of smokers,________ is reported,has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.(江苏高考)
A.it
B.which
C.what
D.as
答案D[句意:正如所报道的,烟民的数量仅仅在一年内就下降了17%。as 作为关系代词,引导非限制性定语从句,位置非常灵活,可位于主句前、主句后,也可位于主句中间。which引导非限制性定语从句时位于主句之后。]
【名师点睛】
定语从句的用法较为复杂,高考除了单独考查定语从句知识外,还常常结合句式
结构、时态等来综合考查。纵观近几年各地高考试题,不难发现其考点主要包括:1.考查关系代词和关系副词的区分。如:that,which和where,when的区分;that,which和why的区分等。
2.考查whose的使用。whose可以指代人或物,在定语从句中作定语,后跟名词。指物时,whose+名词=名词+of which=of which+名词。
The classroom w hose door/the door of which/of which the door is broken is on the second floor.
3.考查as/which引导的非限制性定语从句。尤其要重视which,as引导的非限制
性定语从句和it,what引导的主语从句的区分。
4.考查定语从句中的主谓一致现象。
I,who am your close friend,will try my best to help you whenever you are in trouble.
5.考查“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句。“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句,关系代词指人时用whom,指物时用which,不能用that。关系代词作定语
时也可用whose。
The teacher i n front of whose house stands a tall tree is very patient with his students. 同时还要重视“复杂介词或代词”出现时与并列句的区别。
He loved his parents deeply,both of whom are very kind to him.(定语从句)
He loved his parents deeply and both of them are very kind to him.(并列句)
此外,“介词+which +名词”结构,也是一个较为特殊的结构。
He was very ill,in which case(=and in this case) we sent him to hospital first.
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