英语语法讲解之定语从句
一、几个基本概念
1.定 义：用作定语的从句叫定语从句。
2.先行词：被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词。
3.位 置：紧跟先行词(名词或代词)之后。
4.引导词：引导定语从句的词(包括关系代词和关系副词)。
﹙1﹚关系代词：that/who/which/whom/whose
﹙2﹚关系副词：when/where/why
﹙3﹚引导词的位置：位于定语从句之前(先行词之后)。
﹙4﹚引导词的功能(作用)：
①连接先行词和定语从句。
②在定语从句中充当一定的成分(关系代词充当主语或宾语，关系副词充当状语)。
5.定语从句的类型：
﹙1﹚限定性定语从句(主句和定语从句之间无逗号)。
① 直接由引导词引导定语从句
Eg.The man who you’re talking to is my friend.
② 由介词+关系代词(whom/which)引导
Eg.The man to whom you’re talking is my friend.
=
I need a pen with which I can write a letter.
=
I need a piece of paper on which I can write a letter.
=
介词的选用可根据从句中的相关词组确定，该介词通常可以放在关系代词之前，也可放在相关动词之后。例如：
The man (who/whom/that) I talked about at the meeting is from Beijing University.
=The man about whom I talked at the meeting is from Beijing University.
The palace (which/that) I often pay a visit to was built in the 17th century.
=The palace to which I often pay a visit was built in the 17th century.
※﹙2﹚非限定性定语从句(主句和定语从句之间用逗号隔开)。
除why和that不能引导非限定性定语从句外，其余引导词都可以，用法同限定性定语从句一样。但要注意以下区别。
①在形式上非限定性定语从句与主句有逗号隔开。
②非限定性定语从句的作用：它只是补充说明先行词的情况，翻译时可译成两个句子。
The engineer， whose leg was badly hurt， was quickly sent to hospital.
(那位工程师被很快送往医院，其腿部受了重伤)
The engineer whose leg was badly hurt was quickly sent to hospital.
(那位腿部受了重伤的工程师被很快送往医院)
③在非限定性定语从句中，任何引导词都不能省略(包括引导词在此定语从句中充当宾语在内)。指人做主语时只能用who， 做宾语时用whom；
指物做主语，宾语都用which； 关系副词用when或where，也不能省略。
④whose引导非限定性定语从句：
The house， whose window faces south， is mine.
=The house， the window of which faces south， is mine.
=The house， of which the window faces south， is mine.
二、定语从句中关系代词和关系副词的基本用法。
1.who/that 指人，主格，代替先行词，在定语从句中作主语，不能省略。
Eg.Do you know the gentleman who/that副词的位置 is sitting there？
2.whom/who/that 指人, 宾格，代替先行词，在定语从句中作宾语(动宾或介宾)。
① 当作动宾(动词后的宾语)时，关系代词可省略。
Eg.Do you know the gentleman (whom/who/that) we met just now？
② 当作介宾(介词后接宾语)时：
介词不提前时，关系代词可省略；
介词提前时，关系代词不可省，即介词+whom(指人时介词后的关系代词只能用whom)。
Eg. The man (whom/who/that) I spoke with is my teacher.
Eg. The man with whom I spoke is my teacher.(不能用who/that)
注：固定的动词短语(动词+介词)如look for， take care of等不能把动词与介词拆开，既介词不能提至引导词前。
Eg. She is the right girl (who/whom/that) we are looking for.
3.whose： 指人或物，是所有格“…的”形式，可指代形容词性物主代词、名词性物主代词和名词所有格。
Whose+n.一起在定语从句中充当主语、宾语(动宾或介宾)即先行词的什么东西怎样了，whose不能省略。
I didn’t find the desk whose leg was broken. (主语)
He is the student whose pencil I broke yesterday. (动宾)
The boss in whose company I work is very kind. (介宾)
4.which/that 指物，代替先行词，在定语从句中作主语或宾语(动宾或介宾)。
① 当作动宾时，关系代词可省略。
② 当作介宾时：介词不提前时，关系代词可省略；
介词提前时，关系代词不可省，即介词+which(指物时介词后的关系代词只能用which)。
The house which/that was destroyed in the earthquake is weak.
The pen (which/that) you found yesterday is mine.
The games (that/which) the young men competed in were difficult.
The games in which the young men competed were difficult.
注：介词+关系代词即介词+whom/which(先行词指人用whom，指物用which)。
5.when 关系副词：指时间。在定语从句中作时间状语，不能省略。此时的when还可用介词+which替换(此时先行词一定是表时间的名词)。When = on which
I still remember the time when I joined the League.
=I still remember the time on which I joined the League.
=I still remember the time (which/that) I joined the League on.
6.where 关系副词：指地点。在定语从句中作地点状语，不能省略。此时的when还可用介词+which替换(此时先行词一定是表地点的名词)。Where = in which
I still remember the school where I joined the League.
=I still remember the school in which I joined the League.
=I still remember the school (which/that) I joined the League in.
7. why 关系副词，指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语，先行词通常为reason，不能省略。且why引导的定语从句只能是限定性定语从句。Why = for which
I don’t know the reason why he was late yesterday.
The reason why(for which) he was late is that he missed the bus.
注：对关系副词when， where的认识。
①. 先行词是时间的名词，并非都用关系副词when引导定语从句。
I’ll never forget the time (which/that) I spent in Beijing.
②. 先行词是地点的名词，并非都用关系副词where引导定语从句。
This is the factory (which/that) he visited yesterday.
③. 当句型为It/This/That is(was) the first(second…last) time引起的句子时用that连接其后的句子。此时的time是次数，不是时间。
It/This is the first time that we travel.
It/This is the last time that I shall give you a lesson.
注：当先行词为reason时，关系副词并非都用why.
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