现在完成进行时讲解
9.现在完成进行时
1 定义：现在完成进行时表示动作从过去某一时间开始，一直延续到现在，可能还要继续下去。
2 现在完成进行时的构成：现在完成进行时是由“have/has+been+动词的现在分词”构成
3 现在完成进行时的基本句型
肯定式I/We have been working.
疑问式Have you been working？
简略回答Y es，I/we have. No，I/we haven't.
肯定式He/She/It has been working.
疑问式Has he/she/it been working？
简略回答Y es，he/she/it has. No，he/she/it hasn't.
4 现在完成时的用法
1）在强调指出动作还未结束，还要继续下去。如：I've been reading this book for two hours，but I haven't finished it. 这本书我已读了两个小时了，但我还没读完。
I've read this book.我已读完这本书了。
2）强调动作延续时间的长久或带感情彩。
She has always been working like that.她一贯是这样工作的。
3）现在完成进行时也可表示现在以前这段时间反复发生的事情。
We've been seeing quite a lot of each other recently.最近我们经常见面。
5 现在完成时和现在完成进行时的区别
1）现在完成进行时更强调动作的延续性，它是现在完成时的强调形式。试比较：
We've been living here for ten years.
We've lived here for ten years.我们在这儿已经住了十年了。
2）在不用时间状语的情况下，现在完成进行时表示动作仍在进行。而现在完成时则表示动作在过去已结束。如：
The students have been preparing for the exam.（还在进行）学生们一直在准备考试。
The students have prepared for the exam.（已经结束）学生们为考试作了准备。
3）有些表示状态，感情，感觉的动词如：have，exist，like，hate，hear，know，sound等
动词不能用于现在完成进行时，但可用于现在完成时。如：
They've known each other since 1970.自从1970年起他们就相互认识了。昨天已成过去
过去完成进行时用法详解
一、结构形式
过去完成进行时由“had been+现在分词”构成，因此无人称变化。
二、用法归纳
■过去完成进行时表示持续到过去某时的一个动作(可算是现在完成进行时的过去式)：The ground was wet. It had been raining. 地是湿的。此前一直在下雨。
At last the bus came. I had been waiting for half an hour. 最后公共汽车来了，我已等了半小时。
She was out of breath. She had been running. 她气喘吁吁，她一直在跑来着。
He gave up smoking last year. He’d been smoking for twenty years. 去年他戒烟了。他抽烟已经二十年。
■过去时间可用一个时间状语表示：
When I first met her, she had been working in the company for ten years. 我第一次见到她时，她在那家公司已工作十年了。
I had not been waiting long when a taxi drew up. 我没等多久就来了一辆出租车。
She had been looking at the parcel for some time before she realized that it was for her mother. 这包裹她看了好一会儿才明白这是寄给她妈的。
Until/Up till then she had been living with her daughter. 到那时为止她一直和她女儿一起住。
■但在更多情况下过去时间由另一句子表示出来，毋需加上时间状语：
Her eyes were red. It was obvious she had been crying. 她眼睛红红的，显然她是哭了。
Jane was annoyed. Peter had been phoning her every night. 简很不高兴。彼得一直每晚给打电话。
He was very tired. He had been working all day. 他很累。他干了一整天活。
She couldn’t understand him. She hadn’t been learning English long. 她不懂他的话。她学语的时间还不长。
I woke up—I had been having a bad dream. 我醒了，我做了个恶梦。
She was very tired. She had been typing letters all day. 她很累了。她整天都在打信件。
Her eyes were red. It was obvious she had been crying. 她的眼睛红了，显然她刚哭过。
We had been doing business with each other for years before we quarrelled. 在吵翻
之前，我们多年来在业务上一直来往。
When I first met Ann, she had been working for Exxon for 15 years. 我第一次遇到安的时候，她已在埃克森公司干了15年了。
Jenny was annoyed. Jim had been phoning her every night for a whole week. 詹妮生气了。整整一星期，吉姆天天晚上都给她打电话。
■有时上下文可说明是谈过去的事，因此不需要时间状语：
She had been watching TV all day. 她看了一天的电视。
I had been reading your book. 我一直在看你写的书。
The rain had been pouring all night. 倾盆大雨下了一整夜。
We had been travelling in many countries. 我们一直在许多国家旅游。
这个时态也可用在某些从句中，这时从句的动作发生在主句的动作之前而对其有影响：
I heard you’d been looking for me. 我听说你一直在我。
That was just the letter I had been expecting. 这正是我一直期待的信。
That was exactly what we had been trying to do. 这正是我们一直想做的事。
I wanted to know what had been going on. 我想知道一直在发生什么事。
The drive increased the fatigue she had been feeling. 开车增加了她一直感到疲惫感觉。
They said that they had been fighting for their rights all these years. 他们说这些年来他们一直在为他们的权利而斗争。
三、特别补充
■凡不能用于进行时的动词均不能有这种时态，但动词want (有时还有wish) 除外。如：The boy was delighted with his new knife. He had been wanting one for a long time.男孩对新小刀很高兴。他早就想要一把了。
■过去完成进行时没有被动语态。
过去将来进行时
一. 基本结构：
1.过去将来进行时由should(would)+be+现在分词
2.否定：should(would)+not
二. 基本用法：
1.过去将来进行时表示就过去某一时间而言，将来某一时刻或某一段时间正在进行的动作，主要用于宾语从句中，尤其多用于间接引语中。
举例：
They said they would be coming.
他们说了他们将要来。(用于间接引语中）
He asked me what I should be doing at six the next day.
他问我次日六点将正在做什么。(用于间接引语中）
The new job he would be taking was raising racing horses.
他将要接受的新工作是养赛马。（用于定语从句中）
2.过去将来进行时可以表示在过去某一时间之后即将进行的动作。
举例：
He said he could not come because he would be having a meeting.
他说他不能来因为要开会。
3.过去将来进行时表示在过去将来某一时间正在发生的动作。它常和表示过去将来的时间状语连用，
但上下文清楚时，时间状语亦可省略。和将来进行时一样，它也常表计划中的事，不表意愿或打
算。它还有一个特点，即常用在宾语从句（尤其是间接引语）中。
举例：
John told us that Mary would be coming next day.
约翰告诉我们玛丽第二天来。
I never realized that some day I would be living in China.
我从未想到将来有一天会在中国居住。
She said she would be setting off on the 10 o’clock train.
她说她将乘10点钟的火车走。
4.过去将来进行时有时也可用在其它从句中。
举例：
The new name he would be using was Jack Jones.
他将用的新名是杰克·琼斯。（用在定语从句中）
He would pay the rest as he would be leaving France.
其余款项，他将在离开法国时付清。（用在状语从句中）
5.过去将来进行时也可用在独立句中。
The car started. Ellen James would be driving off to the university.
车子发动了。埃伦·詹姆斯要开车到大学去。
将来完成时
将来完成时用来表示在将来某一时间以前已经完成或一直持续的动作。经常与before+将来时间或by+将来时间连用，也可与before或by the time引导的现在时的从句连用。
构成
will/shall+have+完成式用于第一人称，will+have+完成式用于其他人称。
实例
a. 状态完成：表示某事继续到将来某一时为止一直有的状态。
b. 动作完成：表示将来某一时或另一个将来的动作之前，已经完成的动作或已获得的经验。
They will have been married for 20 years by then.
You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow.
将来完成时的构成
将来完成时的构成是由"shall/will + have +过去分词"构成的。
Before long he will have forgotten all about the matter.
不久他就会全然忘记这件事的。
He is somebody now. He will not have remembered his old classmates.
他现在是一个有身份的人了，他可能不会记得老同学了。
Will you have known Kevin for 10 years next month?
到下个月你认识凯文该有10年了吧？
将来完成时的用法
①表示在将来某一时间之前已完成的动作，并往往对将来某一时间产生影响。
We shall have learned 12 units by the end of this term.
到这个学期末，我们将学完12个单元。
By the time you get home I will have cleaned the house from top to bottom.
你到家之前我将把房子彻底打扫一遍。
②表示推测，相当于"must have done"结构。
You will have heard of this, I guess.
我想你已经听说过这件事了。
I am sure he will have got the information.
我相信他一定得到了这个信息
③.表示某种状态一直持续到说话人所提及的时间

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