我眼中的中国古代艺术品——青花瓷
我眼中的中国古代艺术品——青花瓷
摘　要：我对青花瓷的最初认知来源于周杰伦的《青花瓷》：“素胚勾勒出青花笔锋浓转淡，瓶身描绘的牡丹一如你初妆”。这首以中国古代瓷器为创作元素的歌曲，思路新颖，歌词和演唱都十分唯美，那么歌曲中咏唱的青花瓷究竟是怎样一种古代艺术品呢？本文试从四个方面：一、青花瓷及其特征，二、起源的追溯及发展历史，三、与中国传统美学及中国画的关系，四、收藏要素及在中国陶瓷史上的地位谈谈青花瓷。
关键词：中国古代 艺术品 青花瓷
一．青花瓷及其特征
  青花瓷（blue and white porcelain）是指一种在瓷胎上用钴料着，然后施透明釉，以1300摄氏度左右高温一次烧成的釉下彩瓷器。釉下钴料在高温烧成后，呈现出蓝，习惯上称为“青花”。青花瓷具有着力强、发鲜艳、烧成率高、呈稳定的特点。
二．青花瓷起源的追溯及发展历史
  目前发现最早的青花器产生于唐代。唐代所使用的钴兰料主要来自于蓝琉璃。现在能见到的标本有20世纪70—80年代扬州出土的青花瓷残片二十余片，通过对扬州出土瓷片的胎、釉、彩进行研究，并对唐代巩县窑的物质和技术条件进行分析，初步断定唐青花的产地是河南巩县窑。宋青花与唐青花并没有直接的延续关系，《景德镇陶瓷史》中谈到宋代生产“釉里青”，是最早提出宋青花的记载。成熟的青花瓷出现在元代的景德镇。元青花绝大多数都用进口青料绘成，发浓艳，也有部分使用国产料。元青花与唐宋青花也无直接的继承关系。明清时期是青花瓷器达到鼎盛又走向衰落的时期。明宣德和成化年间是青花瓷器发展的一个高峰，烧制的青花器，淡雅泽，因符合中国文人所持哲学心态而长期受到追捧；到康熙朝，青花瓷被推到颠峰，得到“青花五彩”的赞誉，受到大众喜爱。明晚期开始，青花绘画逐步吸收了一些中国画绘画技法的元素。
三．青花瓷与中国传统美学及中国画的关系
  1.元青花与中国画的关系。元代景德镇成熟青花瓷的烧制成功，为瓷器与书画的结合开辟了新的天地。元青花中可以看到勾勒渲染的技法。元青花给人以古拙的美感，而不是像到了清代的青花那样，追求一种精美的境界。以毛笔蘸着青花料在未烧的胎上直接作画题文，胎的
吸附性强，有在宣纸上作水墨画的晕散效果，成为文人作画的另一表现材质。幽蓝的青花在白釉的衬托下醒目、秀雅，正是文人士大夫追求的效果，所以青花瓷一出现，文化绘画与之紧密结合。元青花瓷最精彩的部分还是它的瓷绘艺术，其纹饰图案分辅助纹饰与主题纹饰两部分。辅助纹饰用于饰边，或起隔断作用。主题纹饰是整个装饰的精髓，题材广泛，有花卉、飞禽走兽、人物故事等。松竹梅因有君子之风，成为文人绘画喜欢的题材。人物故事多取材于元平话剧和杂剧，如《萧何月下追韩信》、《鬼谷子下山》等。元青花瓷画中，以人物故事瓷画最有特，但到目前，全世界才总共发现了9
件以人物（故事）为绘画主题的元青花器。
2.青花与明代画院工笔画的关系。从明初青花瓷器中可以见到大量花鸟纹饰非常工整、精美、画意生动，体现出高超的绘画水平，将之与明初画院所绘工笔花鸟画相比也毫不逊。这完全可能是画院的宫廷画师专门为官窑瓷器所用而绘稿
的。如《宣德青花岁寒三友纹大碗》上的纹饰。
3. 清代青花与中国画的关系。康熙初中期的青花，被誉称为“青花五彩”。 一如水墨画的“墨分
五彩”的视觉效果，在笔与笔之间，可以看到每一笔的用笔痕迹，表现出了“工具语言”。代表器物《康熙青花花鸟纹花觚》。
4. 民窑青花的纹饰画法。值得注意的是民窑的纹饰画法：粗犷、随意、多变化、用笔流畅，画意随心所欲，构图不拘小节不按法理，多写意，多民间传说故事，对于促进民俗文化的发展，丰富民间文化生活，起到了极大的作用。
  由此可见，青花瓷上的绘画和中国画是相辅相成的：中国绘画引导了陶瓷绘画，陶瓷绘画从历代中国画中汲取了营养，艺术水准不断提高。同时陶瓷书画的发展，也拓宽了中国书画艺术的载体，丰富了中国书画艺术。而饰以书画的青花瓷不再是一件普通的实用品，而是既有实用价值又有艺术价值的珍品。
四．青花瓷的收藏要素及在中国陶瓷史上的地位。
  收藏青花瓷不能随波逐流，正因为青花瓷的珍贵稀少，市面上才会出现众多的仿造品，令人不辨真假。由于历代青花瓷的款识的字体、写法、料和风格都有其显着的特点，因此，只要掌握了款识的基本规律，就能准确地判断古瓷的时代、窑口。
  首先，看钴料。青花瓷钴料种类分为苏泥麻青等，多属高锰类，尤以进口青花钴料烧制的瓷器最具收藏价值。
  中国纹饰其次，看发。釉下发艳丽，清康熙时正是以五彩青花使青花瓷发展达到巅峰。
  第三，艺术水平是一个关键因素。器型优雅、构图有立体感、层次分明，人物景致清晰明显的青花瓷具有更高的收藏价值。
  最后，古代青花瓷款识中的书法、图案，对于书画、篆刻艺术的创新也有很大的参考价值。
  青花瓷之所以在中国瓷器中居于主导地位，被称为“国瓷”是因为以下几个原因：1.瓷质细洁而白，釉下彩的蓝彩绘，幽靑可爱，图案装饰雅俗共赏。便于减低成本，大量生产。2. 清代龚轼咏青花瓷“白釉青花一火成，花从釉里透分明。可参造化先天妙，无极有来太极生。”青花瓷无论从用料、纹饰、烧制时间还是制作工艺上都极为考究，所以在古时的使用频率是相当高的。平常人家中多将青花瓷用做容器，而书香门第、官宦人家大多将青花瓷作为装饰品，是一种身份和地位的象征，可谓各取所需。 
  目前，青花瓷之所以具有越来越高的收藏价值，主要是由青花瓷本身所承载的历史文化价值、科技工艺价值和美学艺术价值所决定的。除此之外，青花瓷还有一系列“隐喻”之意：“青出于蓝而胜于蓝”，“青云直上”，“青天”，“名垂青史”，“留取丹心照汗青”。“青”在当时士人心中的分量可见一斑。“素胚勾勒出青花笔锋浓转淡，瓶
身描绘的牡丹一如你初妆……”青花瓷不仅成为了传唱中国风的对象，甚至2008年奥运会上礼仪小的旗袍上都不难发现青花的影子，足见“青花”在国人心中的地位和情结。
参考资料
《中国陶瓷》冯先铭  主编  上海古籍出版社
《瓷器上的诗文与绘画》 潇湘 李建毛 编著  湖南美术出版社
Chinese ancient art - blue and white porcelain in my eyes
Pick to: I first cognition of blue and white porcelain from jay Chou's "blue and white porcelain", "blue and white pen grain embryo sketched thick turn pale, body paints peony, a
s at the beginning of your makeup". It to the element for the creation of ancient Chinese porcelain song, innovative ideas, lyrics and singing is very beautiful, then what the songs singing in the blue and white porcelain is a kind of ancient works of art? This paper from four aspects: (1) and its characteristics of blue and white porcelain, the origin of the two, traceability and development history of the three, and Chinese traditional aesthetics and traditional Chinese painting, the relationship between four, collection elements and status in the history of ceramics in China talk about blue and white porcelain.
Key words: blue and white porcelain art in ancient China
A. The blue and white porcelain and its characteristics

Blue and white porcelain (blue and white porcelain) is to point to in the porcelain body in cobalt material color, transparent glaze, then to 1300 degrees Celsius heat a burnt under glaze color porcelain. Cobalt under the glaze material after high temperature firing, appear
blue, traditionally referred to as the "blue". Blue and white porcelain has a bright, strong tinting, hair color, high firing rate, the characteristics of the color stability.
2. The origin of the blue and white porcelain traceability and development history
Now find the earliest blue-and-white ware produced in the tang dynasty. The cobalt blue material is mainly used in the tang dynasty from the blue coloured glaze. Now to see the specimen has a 70-80 - s of the 20th century yangzhou unearthed more than 20 pieces of blue and white porcelain pieces, unearthed in yangzhou fetal, glaze, color ceramics was studied, and the material and technical conditions of ligou kiln in the tang dynasty were analyzed, and preliminary concluded that tang blue origin is henan ligou kiln. Song dynasty blue and white with blue and white and don not directly a continuation of the relationship, the history of jingdezhen ceramics, production "youligong green" when it comes to song dynasty, was among the first to put forward a record of the song dynasty blue and white. The mature blue and white porcelain of jingdezhen in yuan dynasty. Yuan blue and white mostly use imported material painted, hair color more, also some use domestic materials. Y
uan blue and white and blue of tang and song dynasty had no direct inheritance relationships. During the Ming and qing dynasties is blue and white porcelain reach peak and decline period. XuanDeHe Ming chenghua is a peak in the development of blue and white porcelain, the glaze porcelain, quietly elegant of colour and lustre, long due to conforms to the philosophical attitude held by the Chinese literati's popularity; To the kangxi dynasty, blue and white porcelain is pushed to the peak, "blue color" receive the praise, be loved by the masses. Late Ming blue and white painting gradually absorbed some elements of the Chinese painting technique.
3. Blue and white porcelain's relationship with Chinese traditional aesthetics and traditional Chinese painting
1. The yuan blue and white relationship with Chinese paintings. Jingdezhen yuan dynasty mature blue and white porcelain firing, success has opened up a new heaven and earth for the combination of porcelain and the calligraphy and painting. As you can see the outline of rendering techniques in the yuan blue and white. Yuan blue and white give a person with th
e aesthetic feeling of like, rather like the qing dynasty's blue and white, the pursuit of a beautiful realm. With brush pen with blue and white material painting directly without burning tyres on the topic, strong adsorption, in ink on rice paper dizzy dispersion effect, become another performance of literati painting material. Deep and remote blue blue against the white glazed marked, serial, effect of the pursuit of scholars, so the blue and white porcelain appeared, culture closely combined with painting. The best part of yuan blue and white porcelain or is it painted porcelain art, the decorative pattern points auxiliary grain and grain. Auxiliary lines used for edging, or partition. Decorative subject is the essence of the whole decoration, theme is extensive, there are flowers, animals and birds, characters, stories, etc. Shochiku mei with the gentleman, the subject of literati painting like. Story more designs from Yu Yuanping drama and drama, such as "under Xiao Heyue after han xin", "guiguzi down the mountain", etc. Stories of yuan blue and white porcelain painting, porcelain painting most distinctive, but up to now, the world found a total of 9

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