非物质文化遗产：中国皮影戏
Shadow puppetry, one of the oldest performing arts in the world, appeared in China long before the invention of motion pictures and television. It has been a popular form of entertainment in China for centuries. Shadow puppetry is a combination of performing arts and the art of carving. Shadow puppets are not only essential elements of stagecraft but also lovely handcrafted objects of art in their own right.
皮影戏是世界上最古老的表演艺术之一，早在电影和电视发明之前就在中国出现了。几个世纪以来，它一直是中国流行的娱乐形式。皮影戏是表演艺术和雕刻艺术的结合。皮影戏不仅是舞台艺术的基本元素，也是可爱的手工艺术品。
The puppets are made of ox, sheep, or donkey skin. Preparing a hide that will be used to make a shadow puppet requires special tanning and processing techniques. First, the raw pelt is soaked in clear water or limewater. Then it is stretched tightly across a wooden frame and left to dry until it is flat and even. The hair and remaining flesh are scrapped off, leaving a thin, translucent skin that makes an ideal raw material for creating a shadow puppet.
木偶由牛、羊或驴皮制成。准备用来制作皮影木偶的皮革需要特殊的鞣制和加工技术。首先，生皮浸泡在清水或石灰水中。然后把它紧紧地拉在木质框架上，让它晾干，直到变平。毛发和剩余的肉被去除，留下一层薄薄的半透明的皮肤，这是制作皮影的理想原料。
After the puppets have been carved, they are dyed in bright colors to enhance the puppets' appearance and make them more eye－catching. The principal colors used are red, green, black, and yellow.
木偶雕刻完成后，它们被染成明亮的颜，以增强木偶的外观，使其更加引人注目。使用的主要颜是红、绿、黑和黄。
Chinese shadow puppetry shows a strong Chinese opera influence. The shadow puppeteers' property trunks contain most objects found in everyday life. These include clothes, ornaments, towers, pavilions, furnishings, and scenery. Many of these are based on items existed in the past.
中国皮影戏显示了强大的中国戏曲影响力。皮影戏表演者的财产箱包含了日常生活中发现的大多数物品。这些包括衣服、装饰品、塔楼、亭子、家具和风景。其中许多是基于过去存在的元素。
Shadow plays are a two－dimensional form because the puppets, scenery, and other props are all flat. Most of the faces of the shadow figures are depicted in profile. Figures with faces represented in profile are more expressive and can be better animated and manipulated.
皮影戏是一种二维形式，因为木偶、布景和其他道具都是平面的。阴影图形的大部分面都是用轮廓描绘的。轮廓中有脸的图形更具表现力，可以更好地进行动画制作和操作。
The faces of the shadow figures – representing as they do human, supernatural, and animal beings – pose an intricate and interesting problem. Their facial features are often exaggerated. The young male and female roles, for example, usually have an elegant, noble slant of forehead and nose. Ruffians and treacherous characters always have exaggeratedly large eyes and bushy eyebrows.
影子人物的脸——像人类、超自然生物和动物一样表现——构成了一个复杂而有趣的问题。他们的面部特征经常被夸大。例如，年轻的男女角通常前额和鼻子都有优雅高贵的倾斜。恶棍和奸诈的角总是有夸张的大眼睛和浓密的眉毛。
Chinese shadow puppetry is a form of theatre acted by colourful silhouette figures made from leather or paper, accompanied by music and singing. Manipulated by puppeteers using rods, the figures create the illusion of moving images on a translucent cloth screen illuminated from behind.
国皮影戏是一种戏剧形式，由皮革或纸张制成的彩剪影人物表演，配以音乐和歌唱。操纵木偶的人使用杆，这些数字在半透明的布料屏幕上从后面照亮，创造出移动图像的幻觉。
皮影制作Many elder shadow puppetry artists can perform dozens of traditional plays, which are orally transmitted or found in written form. They master special techniques such as improvisational singing, falsetto, simultaneous manipulation of several puppets, and the ability to play various musical instruments. Many puppeteers also carve the puppets, which can have between twelve and twenty-four moveable joints.
许多年长的皮影戏艺术家可以表演几十种传统戏剧，这些戏剧是口头传播的或者是书面形式的。他们掌握一些特殊的技巧，如即兴演唱、假声、同时操纵几个木偶，以及演奏各种乐器的能力。许多木偶师也雕刻木偶，木偶可以有十二到二十四个活动关节。
Shadow plays are performed by large troupes with seven to nine performers and smaller troupes of only two to five, primarily for entertainment or religious rituals, weddings and funerals and other special occasions.
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