Programming pain
日本制造出能感知疼痛的机器人。
Robots are useful because they never get tired and can’t feel pain.Why program robots to feel pain?Some researchers,however,believe it’s a good idea.
Researchers from Leibniz University of Hannover in Germany are working to develop an“artificial(人工的)robot nervous system to teach robots how to feel pain”，according to IEEE Spectrum.“Pain is a system that protects us,”said Johannes Kuehn,one of the researchers.“When we evade(规避)from the source of pain,it helps us not get hurt.”
Think about how many injuries you would receive if you couldn’t feel pain.Even though pain hurts,it helps us to avoid danger and treat our wounds.The same will be true for robots. As a greater number of people work closely with robots,the robots must behave in a safer manner.Kuehn believes that by protecting robots from damage,they’ll be protecting people as well.Damage to robots–if left unseen–could lead to workplace accidents.
Rather than feel pain,some robots are designed to show pain or see it in others.Minoru Asada,an engineer at Osaka University in Japan,and his colleagues have made sensors(传感器)that pick up many types of touch signals.These touch and pain signals can turn into
emotions and expressions on a robot’s face.Asada believes that these systems could eventually lead to robots seeing the pain on human faces,an important skill for robots designed to care for elderly people,for example.
Antonio Damasio,a neuroscientist(神经学家)at the University of Southern California, argues that programming robots with a sense of pain(or something similar)may cause an artificial sense of feeling to develop.A robot with touch sensors that can detect(探测)pain is “along the lines of having a robot,for example,that smiles when you talk to it”,Damasio said.“It’s a device for communication of the machine to a human.”
Damasio is quick to point out that this communication is an interesting development,but “it’s not the same thing”as a robot truly feeling and expressing emotions or pain.If one day, robots could actually feel as humans do,Damasio has a suggestion for the number one rule for robots:Feel good.
溺的拼音（选自The Telegraph）
1.Why would a robot nervous system be beneficial,according to Kuehn?
A.It could help robots treat humans’injuries gently.
B.It could reduce accidents when robots work.
C.It could teach robots how to find a source of danger.
D.It could let robots respond more quickly to instructions.
2.What could the sensors developed by Asada and his colleagues be used for in the future?
A.Collecting various types of touch signals.
B.Turning human emotions into touch signals.
郑爽整容后C.Helping robots recognize the pain on human faces.
D.Showing robots how to take care of the elderly.
3.What is Damasio’s attitude toward this technology?
A.It could promote interaction between humans and robots.
B.It will eventually allow robots to feel as humans do.
C.It will be hard to translate the artificial sense of feelings.玛雅人语言
D.It could lead to real human-robot emotional connections.
译文：
机器人之所以有用，是因为它们永远不会累，也不会感到疼痛。为什么编程机器人会感到疼痛？但是，一些研究人员认为这是个好主意。
来自德国汉诺威的莱布尼兹大学的研究人员正在致力于开发一种“人工机器人神经系统，以教机器人如何感受疼痛”，这是根据IEEE Spectrum进行的。研究人员之一约翰内斯·库恩说：“疼痛是保护我们的
六一儿童节礼物系统。”“当我们摆脱痛苦的根源时，它可以帮助我们免受伤害。”
想想如果你感觉不到疼痛会遭受多少伤害。即使疼痛很痛，它也可以帮助我们避免危险和伤口。机器人也是如此。随着越来越多的人与机器人紧密合作，机器人必须以更安全的方式工作。库恩认为，通过保护机器人不受损害，它们也将保护人类。如果不注意，对机器人的损坏可能会导致工作场所事故。
有些机器人不是感觉到痛苦，而是被设计为显示痛苦或在其他机器人中看到痛苦。日本大阪大学的工程师Minoru Asada和他的同事们制造了传感器，可以拾取多种类型的触摸信号。这些触摸和疼痛信号可以转变为机器人脸上的情绪和表情。浅田相信，这些系统最终可能导致机器人看到人脸上的疼痛，例如，这是设计用于照顾老年人的机器人的一项重要技能。
南加州大学的神经学家安东尼奥·达马西奥认为，对具有疼痛感的机器人进
行编程可能会导致人为的感觉发展。达马西奥说，具有触摸传感器的机器人可以检测疼痛，“例如，当机器人说话时，它就会微笑”。“这是一种用于将机器与人交流的设备。”
Damasio很快指出，这种交流是一个有趣的发展，但与机器人真正感受到并表达情感或痛苦的“这不是一回事”。如果有一天，机器人实际上能像人类一样，Damasio对机器人的第一法则提出了一个建议：感觉很好。
答案：
1-3BCA
1.B。由文章的第二段和第三段可知，机器人可以感知到疼痛的后，会以更安全的方式工作，这样可以减少人类和机器人的事故，故选B。干扰项C，这个系统只是教机器人感知疼痛，而不是寻危险的源头。
2.C。由文章第四段可知，Asada和他同事们的研究可以引导机器人识别到人类痛苦的表情，故选C。干扰项D，面部识别不是（take care of）如何照顾老人，而是可以更方便的照顾老人。
3.A。根据文章最后两段，“it’s a device for communication of the machine to a human”可知，传感器最终可以促进人类和机器人间的交流，故选A。机器人不可能和人类一样真的感知或表达情感，B排除；C项未提及；机器人不会有感知，也就不会导致真正的人机在情感上的交流，D排除。怎样保护环境
>2011江西高考作文
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