实⽤！200篇英⽂论⽂中总结的最常见错误！
从中国⼯科硕⼠研究⽣200篇英⽂论⽂中总结的最常见惯性错误
作者：Felicia Brittman，翻译：泽宇。感谢来稿！
通过评审200多篇中国作者撰写的英⽂学术论⽂，总结了其中的⼀些常见的中国式英语的习惯性⽤法。这些习惯性误⽤将会⼀⼀被解释说明，其中多数情况下将会伴有挑选出来的论⽂⽰例。这篇⽂章尝试说明怎样修改并避免这些错误，同时这些错误发⽣的原因有时也给予了可能的解释。本⽂可以作为个⼈在学术论⽂编辑时，尤其是在没有母语为英⽂的编辑的时候的指南。
引⾔
⼤多数中国⾼校都要求他们的博⼠和硕⼠研究⽣在国际期刊上发表⾄少⼀篇英⽂学术论⽂，并以此作为获得学位的必须条件。然⽽，很多因素都让这⼀任务在完成时困难异常。⾸先，原来的英⽂学习对写作⽅⾯的关注度不够，更不⽤说写作技术了。⽽⽬前的学习科⽬中也不含英⽂这⼀项，这导致作者的英⽂熟练程度逐渐下降。其次，⼤多数作者并没有在任何英语国家待过。再次，科技论⽂的写作不同于⼀般写作，因此即使英语国家的⼯科学⽣都设置了专门的科技写作课程对此进⾏专门学习。
很多时候，学⽣的论⽂因为英⽂⽔平太差⽽被拒。如果有条件的话，学⽣可以⼀个以英语为母语的⼈
编辑论⽂。但是，费⽤可能会相当⾼，因为⼀个系有很多学⽣，按照每⼈⼀篇⽂章，通常⼀篇⽂章要编辑两次计算，数量也很客观。雇佣⼈编辑论⽂也存在困难，费⽤⾼并且仅仅是在原来问题的基础上做⼀些⼩修⼩补。⼀个英语为母语的⼈会有效的帮助你扫除语法错误。但是，如果个⼈并不具备相关专业的背景，尤其是他要编辑⽂章所需的专业背景，那么他也难以修改所有的错误和确保⽂章表达的意思清楚明⽩。他不能识别⼀些错误的专业术语翻译，这些术语本⾝是有标准⽤词。如上所述的错误是语法和拼写检查⼈员⼒所不能及的。此外，如果他们不熟悉所编辑⽂章的主题或者领域，他们难以把握⽂章的整体要义，从⽽难以对论⽂进⾏中肯的编辑。
雇⼀个有相似专业背景的⼈充当论⽂的编辑是⼀个更好的选择。然⽽，⼀个有专业背景的⼈可能能够胜任论⽂编辑的⼯作，但是他可能不能向作者解释如何在将来的写作中避免类似错误的发⽣。并且对于⼤多数中国⾼校来说，雇佣这种单纯从事编辑⼯作的⼈员并⾮易事。⾼校可能的选择是考虑邀请能编辑论⽂的访问学者，与此同时，还能做⼀些学术和教学上的交流。
朋友圈怎么设置三天显示虽然编辑⼯作在论⽂发表中需要⾛的路可能是最长的，但是这并不妨碍告诉作者如何在编辑过程中避免⼀些普遍性错误和语法的惯性⽑病，这些都是清晰领会作者思想的拦路⽯。英语已经不错的作者只有清楚的意识到这些普遍性的错误和语法的惯性⽑病并避免犯类似的错误才能够在写作中真正受益。
⽬的
985工程大学排名
本报告的⽬的是介绍⼀些中国学⽣在英⽂写作中出现的习惯性误⽤，前⾯已经说过，这些都是我在编辑超过200篇论⽂的过程中总结出来的。这些习惯性误⽤包括语法上的，语体上的，格式上的，这些错误很多时候使得作者的思想难以被领会。其中⼀些习惯，例如写的句⼦过长，这可以通过运⽤MSWord语法和样式检查进⾏纠正。但是，⼤多数错误，例如缺冠词，⾃动的语法检测装置就检测不出来。同时，这些软件⼯具也难以识别中国式英语。
结构
这些常见的误⽤习惯将会⽤两个章节进⾏说明。第⼀章列举了我个⼈认为的最需要注意的⼀些误⽤习惯。这些习惯影响⽂章的流畅程度，使得⽂章难以读懂并且发⽣的频率很⾼。在这⼀章⾥，在说明这些习惯的同时，从实际⽂章中挑选出来的例句将对此做进⼀步阐释，并且这些句⼦还经过了改写，告诉读者怎样写才是正确的。对于缺冠词的情况，我们还制作了流程图就如何选择正确的冠词进⾏了详细说明。
第⼆章列出了其余的⼀些惯常误⽤，其中⼀些还有例句做进⼀步阐释。第⼆章对于⼀些词语之间细微差别的辨析很有⽤。
在⽂章中并没有陈述所有的习惯性⽤法，因为其中⼀些只能靠作者个⼈的写作积淀才能解决。例如，⼀些作者不能很好给⽂章拟定合适的标题，也不太会给⽂章中的新技术思想命名，名字不能准确反映
其中所包含的内容以及功能。对于这些惯性的写作⽅式，⼀旦作者认识到了其中的不⾜，他们就能够在将来写出更好的科技英语论⽂。
第⼀章
“a , an,the”
最为常见的习惯性误⽤就是省略冠词a, an和the。这个主要是因为普通话⾥没有与英语⾥冠词对等的词，更没有相关的⽤法规则，所以这使得⾮英语国家的⼈在使⽤冠词时有⼀定的难度。
冠词的出现表明其后将要接⼀个名词，名词的任何修辞词应该位于冠词和名词之间（abig blue bicycle / the first award）。A和an是不定冠词；the 是定冠词。当⼀个单数不可数名词，⼀个为可数事物名字的普通名词⽤作名词的时候就需要类似的限定词。
出现错误的⼏种情况：
The, a和 an
（1）在需要⽤到它们的时候被省略
（2）在它们不需要⽤到或者⽤了之后反⽽是多余的时候⽤上了。
（3）需要⽤冠词，但是⽤对恰当的冠词
⼀些冠词使⽤错误的例句：
错误⽤法：Figure2 shows the distribution of relative velocity on surface of main and splitterblades.15
正确⽤法：Figure2 shows the distribution of relative velocity on the surface of the mainand splitter blades.15
错误⽤法：Thesoftware PowerSHAPE is chosen to be a 3D modeling tool; it is good at dealingwith free surfaces and
curves.4
正确⽤法：Thesoftware PowerSHAPE is chosen to be the 3D modeling tool; it is good atdealing with free surfaces and curves.4
在这个研究中只存在⼀种3Dmodeling tool，因此“3D modeling tool”是具体的，需要⽤定冠词the。
错误⽤法：A theoretical method for calculating the innerflow-field in centrifugal impeller with splitter b
lades and investigation ofthe interactions between main and splitter blades is presented in this paper.The vortices are distributed on the main and splitter blades to simulate theeffects of flows. Systematical study of number and distribution of vortices is conducted.15
正确⽤法 A theoretical method for calculating the innerflow-field in a centrifugal impellerwith splitter blades
and an investigationof the interactions between main and splitter blades is presented in thispaper. The vortices are distributed on the main and splitter blades to simulatethe effects of flows. Asystematicalstudy of the number and distributionof vortices is conducted.15
错误⽤法 Theoretically, remanufacturing could fully takeadvantage of resources contained in EOF product thereby
minimizing impact onenvironment to the greatest extent compared to landfill or recycling ofmaterials; consequently it contributes greatly to resource conservation.16
正确⽤法 Theoretically, remanufacturing could fully takeadvantage of resources contained in an EOFproduct thereby minimizing theimpact on the environment to thegreatest extent compared to landfill or recycling of materials; consequently itcontributes greatly to resource conservation.16
定义：
冠词 也称限定词或者名词标记词，含a，an和the。A和an是不定冠词，the是定冠词。冠词的出现表明其后将接⼀个名词，任何修辞名词的词应该放在冠词和名字之间( a cold ,metal chair/ the lightning-fast computer).
限定词⼀个词或者词组，传统上主要等同于形容词，通过表述名词的数量⽤来限定名词（数量表达词，限定形容词，标志词）。它们表明⼀个名词是泛指(atree)还是特指(the tree)。The是定冠词。在名词前，the传达了所提及事物是特别所指的，是特定的。(the plan)。A
和 an 是不定冠词，它们表明所提及的名词是在⼀般意义上的或者没有明确指明的(a plan)。
普通名词：为⼀般的体、地⽅、⼈员或者事物命名的名词：dog,house。
可数名词：为某⼀事物或者某些事物命名的名词，并且这些事物是可以⽤数字计数的：radio,streets, idea, fingernails。
不可数名词：为某⼀事物命名的名词，但是该事物不能⽤明确的数字计数的：water，time。
特定名词：有精准意义且指称特定对象的名词；⽤定冠词the
⾮特定名词：指代同类物品中的任何⼀个的名词；⽤不定冠词a ，an
超长句
在中国学⽣撰写的论⽂中，长句很普遍，就其原因在于中国学⽣⼀般把中⽂句⼦直接翻译成英⽂。在中⽂写作中，将⼏个论据放在⼀个句⼦中从⽽表明它们之间关系是可⾏的，但是在英⽂中，主要的论点和每⼀个论据⼀般都放在单独的句⼦中。
通过句⼦的长度可以辨识句⼦是不是长句——超过60个单词就是长句。但是，⼀个句⼦如果表述的内容过多从⽽使得论点变得不清晰，即使没有那么多单词它也是长句。通过限定每⼀个句⼦只说明⼀到两个话题，可以避免⽂章出现过长的句⼦。如果作者真的想强调论据之间的关系应该通过分号隔开、
过长的句⼦：Accordingto the characteristic of fan-coil air-conditioning systems, this paper derivesthe cooling formula of
fan-coil units based on the heat transfer theories and putsforward a new method to gauge cooling named Cooling Metering on the Airside,which can monitor the individual air-conditioning cooling consumption duringa period of time by detecting the parameters of inlet air condition – temperatureand humidity – of the fan-coil air-conditioning system as well as the parametersof inlet cooling water provided by the chiller.
正确表达：Thispaper derives the cooling formula of fan-coil units based on thecharacteristics of fan-coil air-conditioning systems and heat transfertheories, and puts forward a new method to gauge cooling called CoolingMetering on the Air-side. The new method can monitor individualair-conditioning cooling consumption during a period of time by detecting thecondition of inlet air – temperature and humidity – of the fan-coilair-conditioning system as well as the parameters of the inlet cooling waterprovided by the chiller.
过长的句⼦：The gear transmission is grade seven, the gear gap is 0.00012 radians, the geargap has different output values corresponding to any given input value,nonlinearity of the gear gap model can be described by using the phase functionmethod, the existing backlash block in the non-linear library of theMatlab/zdimulink toolbox can be used, the initial value of gear gap in thebacklash block is set to zero.9
正确表述：The gear transmission is grade seven. The gear gap, which is 0.00012 radians,has different output values corresponding to any given input value. Thenonlinearity of the gear gap model can be described by using the phase functionmethod. The existing backlash block in the non-linear library of theMatlab/zdimulink toolbox can be used; the initial value of gear gap in thebacklash block is set to zero.
在科技论⽂中，还会经常因为列举⽽出现超长句。出现这种情况是作者想提供⼤量的数据，⼀般都是参数值，并且把这些信息揉进⼀个都可以成为⼀个段落的句⼦中。此时最好的解决办法就是把这些信息按照类别和取值⽤列表的形式给出（将它们都放⼊⼀个⽆序列表中）
过长的句⼦：…where m is the mass of the heavy disk mounted at the mid-span of a masslesselastic shaft, e is the
eccentricity of the mass center from thegeometric center of the disk, φ is the angle between the orientation of theeccentricity and the ξ axis, kξ and kη are the stiffnesscoefficients in two principal directions of shaft respectively, c is theviscous damping coefficient of the shaft and the disk, ci is the innerdamping coefficient of shaft, ω is the rotating speed, ξ s and η s arethe components of initial bend in directions of ξ ,η axes respectively: ξ s =rb cosθ ,ηs =rb sinθ.1
正确的表述：Where
m is themass of the heavy disk mounted at the mid-span of a massless elasticshaft,
e is the eccentricityo
f the mass center from the geometric center of the disk,
φ is the angle between the orientation of theeccentricity and the ξaxis,
kξ and kηare the stiffness coefficients in the two principal directions of the shaft,
c is theviscous damping coefficient of the shaft an
d th
e disk,
ci is theinner damping coefficient of the shaft,
ω is the rotating speed,
ξ s and η s are the componentsof initial bend in directions of ξ ,η axes, respectively: ξs =rb cosθ,ηs= rb sinθ .
过长的句⼦The clear height of the case is 6.15 meters; the thickness of the roof is 0.85meters; the thickness of the bottom is 0.90 meters, the overall width is 26.6meters, the overall length of the axial cord is 304.5 meters, the length of thejacking section is about 148.8 meters; the weight of the case is about 24127tons.3
清晰表述： · Caseclearance height 6.15 meters
· Roof thickness 0.85 meters
· Bottom thickness 0.90 meters
· Overall width 26.6 meters
· Overall length of the axial cord 304.5meters
· Length of the jacking section 148.8 meters(approx.)
· Weight of the case 24127 tons (approx.)
以⽬的、地点和原因的陈述作为句⼦主要论点的序⾔
中国作者通常都把写作⽬的、发⽣地点、发⽣原因、事例或现状放在主题句的开始以此作为引⾔。但是这将削弱主要观点的重要性，使得读者认为作者没有直接切题。因此，主要的观点⼀定要将其放在句⼦的最开始部分，其后再陈述地点、原因等。
错误表达 For the application inautomobile interiors, this paper studies the nesting optimization probl
em inleather manufacturing. 5
正确表达 This paper studies thenesting optimization problem in leather manufacturing for application inautomobile interiors.
错误表达 Especially when numerical control (NC)techniques[4] are widely used in industry and rapid prototype methods[5] [6]bring a huge economical benefits, the advantage of constructing 3Dmodel[7][8][9] becomes extremely obvious.2
正确表达 The advantage of constructinga 3D model[7][8][9] becomes extremely obvious especially when numerical
control(NC) techniques[4] are widely used in industry and rapid prototypemethods[5][6] bring a huge economical benefits.
错误表达 Inside thetest box, the space was filled with asbestos.15
正确表达 The spaceinside the test box was filled with asbestos.
错误表达 In practice, we employed this approach todispose of a wheelhouse subassembly of one kind of auto-body, and the resultsshow that this method is feasible.16
小宋当家主题曲
正确表达 We employed this approach to dispose of a wheelhouse subassembly of onekind of auto-body, and the results show that this method is feasible.
错误表达 To ensure sheet metal quality as well asassembly quality, CMMs are widely used in automotive industry production.16
正确表达 CMMs are widely used in automotive industry production to ensuresheet metal quality as well as assembly quality.
倾向于把表⽰时间的短语放在句⼦的开头
错误表达 When U istaken as the control parameter, the BDs for Δ =0.0, 0.001, 0.005 are shown inFig. 8.
正确表达 Figure 8 shows the BDs for Δ =0.0, 0.001, and0.005 when U is taken as the control parameter.
把最重要的主题放在句⼦的开头进⾏强调
错误表达 Based on the triangulation structure builtfrom unorganized points or a CAD model, the extended STL format is described inthis section.4
正确表达 The extended STL format is described in thissection based on the triangulation structure built from unorganized points or aCAD model.
错误表达 The 3D dentition defect and restoration element models are designedprecisely with complicated surfaces.4
正确表达 The 3D dentition defect and restoration element models with complicatedsurfaces are designed precisely.
“which/ that”
引导词（名词或代词）which指代不清楚，造成混淆。
引导词 ⼀个代词指称的名词或者代词
‘The Shijiazhuang south road undergroundbridge possesses the largest jacking force, which is built at
1978(10680t).’[‘Shijiazhuang south road underground bridge possesses the largest jackingforce which is built at
1978(10680t).’]
Absolute truths in paleontology are oftenelusive, and even the filmmakers were surprised at the fierce arguments thatsplit the scientists when an initial brainstorming session was else.
‘Respectively’ 和‘respective’
Respectively是重新提及⼆个以上的⼈或者事物，但提及的顺序是严格按照之前提及或者设定的顺序。如果给定两个列表，respectively将按照给定的次序对输⼊顺序进⾏配对。在使⽤respectively时，作者可以同时给出⼤量信息⽽不会让读者感到费解，也不⽤写⼏个短句。Respectively⼀般⽤在句末。⽆论什么情况，要⽤到respectively就表明信息被提及的顺序对于句⼦意思的表达很重要，否则它不会被⽤到。
例如：Bobby,Nicole and Daren wore red, green and blue coats, respectively.
List 1 List 2
Bobby wore a red coat.
腾讯防沉迷Nicole wore a green coat.
Daren wore a blue coat.
Respective是提及两个以上的⼈或者事物，并严格按照它们原来提及的顺序。
这两个词经常被误⽤，或者在下⾯的例⼦中被混淆。
1、 Respectively在句中的位置不当；该词被置于指代的名词之前
美国科幻大片电影错误表达 Equations 2～6 can be respectively linearizedas:......(equations given) (13)
正确表达 Equations 2～6 can be linearized as:……(equations given)…, respectively.
错误表达 The weightsof the two experts are respectively 0.600 and 0.400.19
正确表达 The weightsof the two experts are 0.600 and 0.400, respectively.
2、 为了表达某⼀特定的顺序，在句中插⼊ Respectively ，但是其实要表达的顺序其实在句中其他地⽅已经暗含了，或者这种次序没有必要表达，因为它并不能增加句⼦的信息量。
借据怎么写错误表达 If both the core technologyscore and core quality score of a bottleneck process are, respectively, belowcertain scores, then we refer to strategy 1, otherwise, if either is,respectively, abo
ve a certain score, then we refer to strategy 2. Similarly,if the core technology and core quality are, respectively, above a certainscore, then we refer to strategy 3, otherwise, if either is, respectively,belowa certain score, then we refer to strategy 4.19
正确表达 If both the core technology score and corequality score of a bottleneck process are below certain scores, then we referto strategy 1, otherwise, if either is above a certain score, then we refer tostrategy 2. Similarly, if the core technology and core quality are above acertain score, then we refer to strategy 93, otherwise, if either is below acertain score, then we refer to strategy 4.
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