大学
大学之道在明明德the Great Learning
大学之道，在明明德，在亲民，在止于至善。知止而后有定，定而后能静，静而后能安，安而后能虑，虑而后能得。物有本末，事有终始，知所先后，则近道矣。
文的根本宗旨，就是弘扬本性中光明正大的品德，将以身作则使普通的人知道去垢显真的道理，并达到至善完美的境界作为最高的人生目的。只要明确人生目的就能意志坚定；只要意志坚定就能够镇静不乱；只有镇静不乱才能够心平气和；只有心平气和才能够深思远虑；深思远虑必然有所获益。万物都有主干和枝节，万事都有起始和结束。知道那主体与客体的关系，了解那万事万物发展的主次关系、时空顺序、相互联系，这就接近了解“道”的本质了。
What the Great Learning teaches, is to illustrate illustrious virtue; to renovate the people; and to rest in the highest excellence. The point where to rest being known, the object of pursuit is then determined; and, that being determined, a calm unperturbedness may be attained to. To that calmness there will succeed a tranquil r
epose. In that repose there may be careful deliberation, and that deliberation will be followed by the attainment of the desired end. Things have their root and their branches. Affairs have their end and their beginning. To know what is first and what is last will lead near to what is taught in the Great Learning.
古之欲明明德于天下者，先治其国；欲治其国者，先齐其家；欲齐其家者，先修其身；欲修其身者，先正其心；欲正其心者，先诚其意；欲诚其意者，先致其知，致知在格物。物格而后知至，知至而后意诚，意诚而后心正，心正而后身修，身修而后家齐，家齐而后国治，国治而后天下平。自天子以至于庶人，壹是皆以修身为本。其本乱而末治者否矣，其所厚者薄，而其所薄者厚，未之有也！此谓知本，此谓知之至也。
古往今来的圣贤为了使天下正大光明，往往会先治理好自己的属国；而想治理好自己的属国，往往会先管理好自己的家族；想管理好自己的家族，就必须先竭力提升自己的品行；而提升自己的品行的关键就是使自己的思想摆正；想端正自己的思想，就必须表现出虔敬般真诚；想要表现出虔敬般真诚，就必须获得真正的智识；获得真正的智识的方法，就是观察与研究万事万物并总结出其中的规律；知晓了规律后就自然得到了如何面对纷纭世界
的智识；得到了智识就会更加虔敬，虔敬真诚就会成为正人君子；成为正人君子就更注重修身养性；修身养性使品德高尚；品德高尚自然使家族；家族后管理属国就举重若轻；管理属国就举重若轻后治理天下，天下自然太平。从天子到平民，都是以修身养性为人生的根本，从来没有听说过忽略此根本就将天下治理好的事发生。努力加厚的地方却越来越薄，努力变薄的地方却越来越厚，从来没有发生过这样的事。想做好事但本末倒置，目的明确却不分轻重缓急，这样的结果只能是事与愿违。
The ancients who wished to illustrate illustrious virtue throughout the kingdom, first ordered well their own states. Wishing to order well their states, they first regulated their families. Wishing to regulate their families, they first cultivated their persons. Wishing to cultivate their persons, they first rectified their hearts. Wishing to rectify their hearts, they first sought to be sincere in their thoughts. Wishing to be sincere in their thoughts, they first extended to the utmost their knowledge. Such extension of knowledge lay in the investigation of things. Things being investigated, knowledge became complete. Their knowledge being complete, their thoughts were sincere. Their thoughts being sincere, their hearts were then rectifie
d. Their hearts being rectified, their persons were cultivated. Their persons being cultivated, their families were regulated. Their families being regulated, their states were rightly governed. Their states being rightly governed, the whole kingdom was made tranquil and happy. From the Son of Heaven down to the mass of the people, all must consider the cultivation of the person the root of everything besides. It cannot be, when the root is neglected, that what should spring from it will be well ordered. It never has been the case that what was of great importance has been slightly cared for, and, at the same time, that what was of slight importance has been greatly cared for.
所谓诚其意者，毋自欺也，如恶恶臭，如好好，此之谓自谦，故君子必慎其独也！小人闲居为不善，无所不至，见君子而后厌然，掩其不善，而着其善。人之视己，如见其肺肝然，则何益矣！此谓诚于中，形于外，故君子必慎其独也。曾子曰：“十目所视，十手所指，其严乎！”富润屋，德润身，心广体胖，故君子必诚其意。
使意念真诚的意思是说，不要自己欺骗自己。要像厌恶腐臭的气味一样，要像喜爱美丽的
女人一样，一切都发自内心。所以，品德高尚的人哪怕是在一个人独处的时候，也一定要谨慎。品德低下的人在私下里无恶不作，一见到品德高尚的人便躲躲闪闪，掩盖自己所做的坏事而自吹自擂。殊不知，别人看你自己，就像能看见你的心肺肝脏一样清楚，掩盖有什么用呢？这就叫做内心的真实一定会表现到外表上来。所以，品德高尚的人哪怕是在一个人独处的时候，也一定要谨慎。曾子说：“十只眼睛看着，十只手指着，这难道不令人畏惧吗？！”财富可以装饰房屋，品德却可以修养身心，使心胸宽广而身体舒泰安康。所以，品德高尚的人一定要使自己的意念真诚。
What is meant by "making the thoughts sincere." is the allowing no self-deception, as when we hate a bad smell, and as when we love what is beautiful. This is called self-enjoyment. Therefore, the superior man must be watchful over himself when he is alone. There is no evil to which the mean man, dwelling retired, will not proceed, but when he sees a superior man, he instantly tries to disguise himself, concealing his evil, and displaying what is good. The other beholds him, as if he saw his heart and reins;-of what use is his disguise? This is an instance of the saying -"What truly is within will be manifested without." Therefore, the superior m
an must be watchful over himself when he is alone. The disciple Zeng said, "What ten eyes behold, what ten hands point to, is to be regarded with reverence!" Riches adorn a house, and virtue adorns the person. The mind is expanded, and the body is at ease. Therefore, the superior man must make his thoughts sincere.
《诗》云：“瞻彼淇澳，菉竹猗猗。有斐君子，如切如磋，如琢如磨。瑟兮僩兮，赫兮喧兮。有斐君子，终不可諠兮！”“如切如磋”者，道学也；“如琢如磨”者，自修也；“瑟兮僩兮”者，恂栗也；“赫兮喧兮”者，威仪也；“有斐君子，终不可諠兮”者，道盛德至善，民之不能忘也。《诗》云：“於戏！前王不忘。”君子贤其贤而亲其亲，小人乐其乐而利其利，此以没世不忘也。
《诗经》说：“看那弯弯的淇水岸边，翠竹郁郁葱葱。文质彬彬的君子，不断切磋，反复琢磨。他开朗而庄重，仪表堂堂。这样的君子，真是令人难忘！”这里所说的“不断切磋”，是指求道的态度；“反复琢磨”，是指自我修炼的精神；说他“开朗而庄重”，是指他内心谨慎而有所戒惧；说他“仪表堂堂”，是指他非常威严；说“这样一个君子，可真是令人难忘啊！”是指由于他品德非常高尚，达到了最完善的境界，所以使人难以忘怀。《诗经》说：
“啊啊，前代的圣君真使人难忘啊！”这是因为明君圣贤能够以前代的圣君王为榜样，尊重其应该尊重的，亲近其应该亲近的，平民百姓也都蒙受恩泽，享受到他们能够享受的，获得其能够获得的。所以虽然前代圣君已经去世，但大家还是不会忘记他。
In the Book of Poetry, it is said, "Look at that winding course of the Qi, with the green bamboos so luxuriant! Here is our elegant and accomplished prince! As we cut and then file; as we chisel and then grind: so has he cultivated himself. How grave is he and dignified! How majestic and distinguished! Our elegant and accomplished prince never can be forgotten." That expression-"As we cut and then file," the work of learning. "As we chisel and then grind," indicates that of self-culture. "How grave is he and dignified!" indicates the feeling of cautious reverence. "How commanding and distinguished! indicates an awe-inspiring deportment. "Our elegant and accomplished prince never can be forgotten," indicates how, when virtue is complete and excellence extreme, the people cannot forget them. In the Book of Poetry, it is said, "Ah! the former kings are not forgotten." Future princes deem worthy what they deemed worthy, and love what th
ey loved. The common people delight in what delighted them, and are benefited by their beneficial arrangements. It is on this account that the former kings, after they have quitted the world, are not forgotten.
《康诰》曰：“克明德。”《太甲》曰：“顾諟天之明命。”《帝典》曰：“克明峻德。”皆自明也。
《康诰》里说：“弘扬光明的品德。”《太甲》里说：“念念不忘上天赋予的光明禀性。”《帝典》说：“弘扬崇高的品德。”这些都是说要弘扬本性中光明正大的品德。
In the Announcement to Kang, it is said, "He was able to make his virtue illustrious." In the Tai Jia, it is said, "He contemplated and studied the illustrious decrees of Heaven." In the Canon of the emperor (Yao), it is said, "He was able to make illustrious his lofty virtue." These passages all show how those sovereigns made themselves illustrious.
汤之《盘铭》曰：“茍日新，日日新，又日新。”《康诰》曰：“作新民。”《诗》曰：“周虽
旧邦，其命惟新。”是故君子无所不用其极。
成汤在《盘铭》铭文：“如果今日能使此盘涣然如新，就应该使它天天涣然如新，并一直保持下去。” 《康诰》里说：“激励世人去垢显新。”《诗经》里说，“周朝之所以能存留到现在，其关键就在于能够时时保持着焕然一新的面貌。”所以君子无处不追求完善以使光明的品质得到彰显。
On the bathing tub of Tang, the following words were engraved: "If you can one day renovate yourself, do so from day to day. Yea, let there be daily renovation." In the Announcement to Kang, it is said, "To stir up the new people." In the Book of Poetry, it is said, "Although Zhou was an ancient state the ordinance which lighted on it was new." Therefore, the superior man in everything uses his utmost endeavors.
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