大学英语四级-267
(总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟)
一、Reading Comprehension(总题数：0，分数：0.00)
二、(总题数：0，分数：0.00)
三、 (总题数：8，分数：100.00)
What"s Wrong with Science?
Direct criticism is an essential part of science, for it is how bad ideas are removed from good ones. So when Randy Schekman, one of the 2013 crop of Nobel prize-winners (for physiology or medicine, in his case), decided to criticize the way scientific journals are run, he did not hold back.
Dr Schekman chose the week of the prize giving to announce that the laboratory he runs at t
he University of California, Berkeley, will resist what he describes as "luxury journals". By that he meant those commonly regarded as the most famous, such as Cell, Nature and Science .
He levels two charges against such journals. The first is that, aware of their reputation and keen to protect it, they artificially restrict the number of papers they accept—acting, as he put it in an interview with the Guardian , a British newspaper, like "fashion designers who create limited-edition handbags know[ing] scarcity stimulates demand". Their behavior, he says, is more helpful for the selling of subscriptions than the publishing of the best research.
Second, he argues that science as a whole is being distorted (歪曲) by wrong motivations, especially the tyranny (暴虐) of the " impact factor ", a number that aims to measure how important a given journal is. Researchers who publish in journals with a high impact factor—like the three named above—can expect promotion, pay rises and professional honors. Those that do not can expect obscurity (默默无闻) or even unemployment, a Darwinian system known among academics as "publish or perish".
He levels two charges against such journals. The first is that, aware of their reputation and keen to protect it, they artificially restrict the number of papers they accept—acting, as he put it in an interview with the Guardian , a British newspaper, like "fashion designers who create limited-edition handbags know[ing] scarcity stimulates demand". Their behavior, he says, is more helpful for the selling of subscriptions than the publishing of the best research.
Second, he argues that science as a whole is being distorted (歪曲) by wrong motivations, especially the tyranny (暴虐) of the " impact factor ", a number that aims to measure how important a given journal is. Researchers who publish in journals with a high impact factor—like the three named above—can expect promotion, pay rises and professional honors. Those that do not can expect obscurity (默默无闻) or even unemployment, a Darwinian system known among academics as "publish or perish".
Dr Schekman may not be the most disinterested commentator. Besides his job at Berkeley, he also edits eLife , an open-access journal with ambitions to compete with the top dogs, and which is supported by a trio of wealthy science charities. Many worry that the pressure to publish flashy research in famous journals encourages hype and faddishness. Jobbing scientists can be reluctant to speak up, fearful of the damage they might do to their careers by rocking the boat. But one of the many advantages of being a Nobel winner is that you no longer have to worry about such things.（分数：12.50）
(1).Why is direct criticism so important in science?（分数：2.50）
A.Because it can clear up bad ideas. √
B.Because it may contain inspiration.
C.Because it can help scientists win prizes.
D.Because it can motivate scientists to be good.
解析：[解析] 根据题干中的direct criticism和important定位到原文第一段第一句。该句提到，直率的批评对科学来说十分重要，正因为有了直率的批评，那些不当的想法才得以从好点子中淘汰出去。选项A意为批评能够清除坏点子，符合原文，故选A。
(2).Why do the luxury journals limit the number of papers they accept?（分数：2.50）
A.Because they want to publish the best research.
B.Because they have limited space for the papers.
C.Because they do not want to waste their time.
D.Because they"d like to protect their reputation. √
解析：[解析] 根据题干中的limit the number of papers定位到原文第三段第二句。题干中的limit与原文中的restrict同义。该句提到了谢克曼博士对上文提到的奢侈期刊的一项指控，即：这些期刊很清楚其声望，为了保持这种杰出的声望，他们人为地限制他们所接受的投稿的数量。故选D。
(3).What does " impact factor " (Line 2, Para. 4) refer to?（分数：2.50）英语四级如何算分
A.A number that measures the importance of one journal. √
B.A number that measures how well one journal sells.
C.A number that measures how much science has been distorted.
D.A number that measures the influence of society on one journal.
解析：[解析] 根据题干中的impact factor定位到原文第四段。该段第一句就提到了这个概念，“impact factor”后面的内容是对其进一步的解释说明，意为这个数字用来表示衡量某一本期刊有多重要。由此可知，“impact factor”是一个衡量某本期刊重要性的数字。故选A。
(4).Which may happen if a researcher doesn"t publish in important journals?（分数：2.50）
A.Get promoted.
B.Win honors.
C.Make progress.
D.Lose job. √
解析：[解析] 根据题干中的publish in important journals定位到原文第四段。该段第二句提到，在有巨大影响力的期刊上(如以上提到的三个期刊)发表文章的学者，将有希望得到晋升，获得更多的酬劳，以及专业嘉奖。没能在上面发表作品的研究者却只能默默无闻，甚至被解雇。故选D。
(5).Why are jobbing scientists unwilling to tell their discontent of the pressure to publish?（分数：2.50）
A.Because they are afraid of the damage to their careers. √
B.Because they do not care about the pressure very much.
C.Because they feel comfortable with such pressure.
D.Because they count on such pressure to work hard.
解析：[解析] 根据题干中的jobbing scientists定位到原文最后一段倒数第二句。该句提到，工作中的科学家不愿表达他们的不满，他们担心此举会毁掉他们的事业。故选A。
Stores Welcome Holiday Shopping Procrastinators
With just one week until Christmas, retailers are rolling out shopper-baiting (引诱) strategies to attract procrastinators (拖延者), deal-hunters and people who just want a few extra Christmas gifts.
Strategies include offering extended shopping hours, free shipping, last-minute-shopping ad campaigns and social media reminders that time is ticking away.
The week leading up to Christmas is usually when consumers open their wallets wide —the Saturday before the holiday traditionally being the biggest spending day behind Black Friday, according to shopper analytics firm ShopperTrak. Four of the 10 busiest holiday shopping days will occur between Dec. 20 and Dec. 24, ShopperTrak predicts.
This holiday shopping season is shorter than last, with six fewer days—translating into just
four weekends.
There will be "high levels of in-store shopper activity" the weekend before Christmas, says Shopping Trak founder Bill Martin. Here"s how retailers are trying to get the attention of gift buyers:
●Going social in their countdown warnings. Companies are using social media to remind customers that Christmas is coming and to offer gift suggestions. Best Buy is using the Twitter tag "Last Minute Gifts" to promote its goods and on Tuesday evening hosted a Google Hangout chat with the last-minute gift theme.
●Targeting procrastinators. On Wednesday, J.C. Penney launches a "men in panic" TV ad. In it, a desperate man walk by a store as a small choir sings "point him to the jewelry so he won"t buy a "vacuum"".
●Offering free shipping. Many retailers, including J.C. Penney, have embraced Wednesday as "Free Shipping Day"—no minimum order, and delivery by Christmas Eve is guaranteed. FreeShippingDay has a list of nearly 900 participating merchants.
●Extending store hours. Nordstrom, Target and Toys R Us all have longer hours now or co
There will be "high levels of in-store shopper activity" the weekend before Christmas, says Shopping Trak founder Bill Martin. Here"s how retailers are trying to get the attention of gift buyers:
●Going social in their countdown warnings. Companies are using social media to remind customers that Christmas is coming and to offer gift suggestions. Best Buy is using the Twitter tag "Last Minute Gifts" to promote its goods and on Tuesday evening hosted a Google Hangout chat with the last-minute gift theme.
●Targeting procrastinators. On Wednesday, J.C. Penney launches a "men in panic" TV ad. In it, a desperate man walk by a store as a small choir sings "point him to the jewelry so he won"t buy a "vacuum"".
●Offering free shipping. Many retailers, including J.C. Penney, have embraced Wednesday as "Free Shipping Day"—no minimum order, and delivery by Christmas Eve is guaranteed. FreeShippingDay has a list of nearly 900 participating merchants.
●Extending store hours. Nordstrom, Target and Toys R Us all have longer hours now or co
ming up. Toys R Us will be open around the clock for 87 continuous hours beginning at Saturday, Dec. 21, through Christmas Eve. "Expanded hours at this time of year have proven to be very popular with customers in the past, but with the shortened shopping window between Thanksgiving and Christmas, and no time left to procrastinate, we expect to see larger crowds at all hours." says company spokeswoman Linda.（分数：12.50）
(1).What does " open their wallets wide " ( Line 1, Para. 3 ) mean?（分数：2.50）
A.To let others take their money.
B.To show off their wealth.
C.To spend a lot of money. √
D.To buy big wallets.
解析：[解析] 根据题干中的open their wallets wide定位到原文第三段第一句。该句由破折号
分割成两个分句，后句是对前句的解释说明，open their wallets wide属于前句，所以需要从后句推断其意思。后句指出，节日前的那个周六会是黑星期五之后的最大消费日，由此可知，前句的意思为圣诞前的一周消费者购物量会比较大，open their wallets wide即为购物多，花钱多的意思，故选C。
(2).How long was the holiday shopping season of last year?（分数：2.50）
A.Four weekends.
B.Five weekends.
C.Six weekends.
D.Seven weekends. √
解析：[解析] 根据题干中的holiday shopping season定位到原文第四段。该段指出，此次的节日购物季比去年短了六天，破折号后面解释说此次购物季缩短为四个周末，即八天，由此推算去年应为十四天，也就是七个周末，故选D。
(3).What strategy is Best Buy taking to attract consumers?（分数：2.50）
A.Going social in their countdown warnings. √
B.Targeting procrastinators.
C.Offering free shipping.
版权声明：本站内容均来自互联网，仅供演示用，请勿用于商业和其他非法用途。如果侵犯了您的权益请与我们联系QQ:729038198，我们将在24小时内删除。
发表评论